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Understanding 9/11Applesoft BASIC Programmers Reference Manual Vol 1 For IIe Only
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Apple II
Applesoft BASIC Programmer's Reference Manual
Volume 1
For //e Only
Apple Computer, inc 1982
About this manual
Purposes of this manual
where to learn more
How this manual is organized
How to use this manual
As a reference
To learn the Applesoft language
To learn program planning
Conventions used in this manual
1. General information
Statements and lines
Immediate execution
Line numbers and deferred execution
Adding lines to a program
Multiple statements on the same line
Deleting lines from a program: The DEL command
Changing lines in a program
Annotating a program: The REM statement
Operations on whole programs
The NEW command
The CLEAR command
The LIST command
The RUN command
THe SAVE command
The LOAD command
Interrupting and resuming a program
Suspending screen output
Interrupting program execution
CONTROL-C
CONTROL-RESET
REsuming program execution: The CONT command
Editing what you type
Cancelling an input line
The arrow keys
Escape mode
2. Variables and arithmetic
Variables
Variable names
Real variables
Integer variables
String variables
Arrays: Collections of variables
Assigning values to variables: The assignment statement
Expressions
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Precedence of operators
Functions
Built-in arithmetic functions
THe ABS Function
The SGN Function
The INT Function
The SQR Function
The SIN Function
The COS Function
The TAN Function
The ATN Function
The EXP Function
The LOG Function
Generating random numbers: The RND function
Defining your own functions: The DEF FN statement
3. Control statements
Unconditional branching: The GOTO statement
Conditional branching
The ON...GOTO statement
The IF...THEN statement
Loops
The FOR statement
The NEXT statement
Nesting of loops
Subroutines
The GOSUB statement
The RETURN statement
The ON...GOSUB statement
The POP statement
Error handling
The ONERR...GOTO statement
The RESUME statement
Restoring normal error handling
Program termination
The STOP statement
The END statement
4. Arrays and strings
Arrays
The DIM statement
Multidimensional arrays
Strings
Comparison of strings: The ASCII code
The LEN function
Concatenation of strings
Substring functions
The LEFT$ function
The MID$ function
The RIGHT$ function
String conversion functions
The STR$ function
The VAL$ function
The CHR$ function
The ASC function
5. Input/Output
Input
The IN# statement
The INPUT statement
Multiple inputs on the same line
Rules for string input
Rules for numeric input
An "input anything" routine
The GET statement
The READ and DATA statements
The RESTORE statement
Miscellaneous input facilities
The Hand controls
Cassette input
Output
The PR# statement
The PRINT statement
Numeber formats
Formatting text on the screen
The TEXT statement
The HOME statement
The SPC statement
The TAB statement
The HTAB statement
The VTAB statement
The POS statement
The INVERSE statement
The FLASH statement
The NORMAL statement
The SPEED = statement
The text window
Miscellaneous output facilities
Controlling the speaker
Annunciator output
The utility strobe
Cassette output
6. Graphics
Low-resolution graphics
The GR statement
The COLOR = statement
The PLOT statement
The HLIN statement
The VLIN statement
The SCRN statement
High-resolution graphics
The HGR statement
The HGR2 statement
The HCOLOR = statement
The HPLOT statement
Protecting high-resolution graphics
Shape Tables
Creating a shape table
Plotting vectors
How plotting vectors are interpreted
Coding a shape table
The shape table index
Loading a shape table into Memory
Saving and loading a shape table
Using ahspe tables
The DRAW statement
The XDRAW statement
The SCALE = statement
The ROT = statement
The SHLOAD statement
7. Utility statements
System utilities
The PEEK function
The POKE statement
The CALL statement
The USR function
The WAIT statement
Memory management
The HIMEM: statement
The LOMEM: statement
The FRE function
Debugging facilities
The TRACE command
The NOTRACE command
8. Programming: Bringing it all together
Running the program
Program sepcification
What the program needs
What the program will and won't do
Validating the data
Displaying the results
Program layout
The initial layout
Refining the layout
Writing the code
Preliminaries
Display the menu
What's the postage class
What does it weigh
Compute the charge
Display the results
Calculating routines
Consistency-checking routines
The "keystall" routine
The formatting routine
Final advice to the new programmer
A. Summary of applesoft statements and functions
B. Syntax definitions
C. ASCII chartacter codes
D. Reserved words
E. Error messages
F. Peeks, Pokes, and Calls
Screen text
Keyboard
Graphics
Miscellaneous Input and Output
Error handling
G. Hints for program efficiency
Saving space
Saving time
H. Implementation details
Apple IIe memory map
Applesoft memory allocation
Zero page usage
Keyword tokens
I. Display formats for numbers
J. On-screen editing and cursor control
K. 40/80-column display differences
L. Comparison with Integer BASIC
Differences between statements
Other differences
Converting BASIC programs to applesoft
M. If you have a cassette recorder
N. Complete listing of the postage rates program
Glossary of technical terms
Index
Reference card
- Addeddate
- 2021-07-18 02:46:04
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