because of its association with caltech, it only had a quirky academic feel. and it still does today. it still feels very different. despite working in such a progressive place, the women of course were still subject to gender norms of the day, and one of those that i found most surprising were the beauty contests. the lab held miss guided missile, later renamed the queen of outer space. women from all over the lab would compete in these contests. my favorite beauty contest story 1964, as part of the ranger series of missions. missionsa series of whose goal was to send the first camera to the moon in order to the first close-up images informlunar surface and possible landing sites for apollo. 1964, this was proving impossible. there had already been five failed missions. was a real feeling that if we can't even send a are weto the moon, how ever gonna get astronauts there? four ranger sets, the director of the laboratory, flew d.c.o he sat with president johnson on an open phone line to mission at the lab in pasadena, as they heard a live of ranger six as it a

holt has also conducted research at caltech library and at the history of women in america at harvard. in addition, she has been a the reagan institute, massachusetts general hospital, and m.i.t. her first book is called "cured: the people who defeated hiv." she has also written

scientists at caltech have re- examined the historic seismic data using a new algorithm running on the supercomputer. they have identified nearly 2 million tiny earthquakes undetectable until now. usgs says this new tool will help the bay area too. >> we have the same problems of faults that connect to each other like h and the rodgers creek salt and we get better images of how they connect over the years. >> reporter: studying these micro quakes that happen almost round-the-clock deep underground, scientists believe this will lead to a better understanding of when a fault may snap. it is also useful for studying swarm. >> san ramon regularly has earthquakes forms. with ten times as much data we would be able to track them that much more accurately and do better forecast for the future. >> reporter: do these millions of small earthquakes reduce stress on major faults? >> if they were really important to releasing energy on the faults we need to have 30 times as many. >> reporter: you don't see them come you don't feel them but they may be the first clue to better understanding how and

scientist at caltech in southern california have re- examined historic seismic data, using a new algorithm running on a supercomputer. they identified nearly 2 million tiny earthquakes, undetected until now. micro quakes. usg says this new tool will help the bay area as well. >> we have the same problems, of faults that connect to each other like the hayward and rogers creek fall, were getting better images on how they connect over the years. same for hayward and calaveras falls >> faults. >> it happened almost around the clock underground and scientists believe this will lead to a better understanding of when a fault may snap. it also was useful for studying swarms. >> we usually have earthquake swarms and san ramon with 10 times as much data we can track them accurately and you better forecasts on how they are behaving. >> duties millions of small earthquakes help reduce stress on the major faults? >>it's important to release energy on the faults if we do we need 30 times as many. >> you don't feel them or see them but they may be the first clue to understand the how and why of earthquak

she has conducted research at caltech library and at harvard. she is a founder at massachusetts general hospital and m.i.t.. her first book is called cured, the people who defeated hiv. she has been published in the new york times, los angeles times and time magazine. in 2016 she published the work that is the basic of her talk tonight, entitled "rise of the rocket girls: the women who propelled us, from missiles to the moon to mars." that work was a bestseller and was widely praised by critics, including one who described it as immersive, evocative, and superbly written. her narrative should be required reading. another commented that when neil armstrong made his giant leap for mankind, there was womankind in the control room. it is a pleasure to welcome to the university of mary washington nathalia holt. [applause] nathalia: thank you so much. i really appreciate you having me here tonight and i am excited to talk to you about rocket girls. this is a group of pioneers whose careers shaped nasa and really made it what it is today. before i get

to tell us more about this exciting new frontier we have a caltech professor and experimental physicist who joins us on the phone. you are hereed because i have been getting so many questions from my children about this blackhole. tell us why in particular this image is so exciting. think children have the best questions, so the reason that they are excited is the same reason i am excited. just aok at it and it is thing you would never see on earth. the laws of physics that are going on and making the kind of image are the kinds that you only hear about in harry potter novels or comic books. emily: here are some questions from my six-year-old son. where did it come from? where do black holes come from? rana: see this is what i am saying. these are the best questions. this is exactly what we talk about in astronomy conference. where do black holes come from ? and everyone has their own opinions. this is one of the observations that we think will help us figure this out. the only way to get a big blackhole is to put together a bunch of little things. and this thing is billions of times he

to tell us more, we have a caltech professor. >> the kind you only hear about in harry potter novels comic books. emily: here are some questions from my son. where did it come from? where do black holes come from? >> these are the best questions. this is exactly what we talk about in astronomy. where do black holes come from and everyone has their own opinions. this is one of the observations that we think will help us figure this out. the only way to get a big blackhole is to put together a bunch of little things. this thing is billions of times heavier than the earth or than the sun which is thousands of times heavier than the earth. it is a lot of things have smashed together. one of the things we really don't know is do black holes make delicacies or do galaxies make black holes? for the heaviest ones, one of the opinions is that when these are flying around in the center of the galaxy, it is really crowded. occasional pull tracks on each other and eventually slows things down and they all fall down and land on the blackhole. part of the reason you see all of this glowing orange

and 50% of those discussions happen to be positive towards the president, and this is not just our caltech there are plenty of pulls and traditional research that keep suggesting there is an affinity despite the immigrant rhetoric or other messages around immigration, so it's puzzling to the left for sure, but could be very encouraging for the gop. stuart: so what is the key issue in the hispanic community when it comes to politics and who they will vote for? >> right that is my favorite question, because this is not a monolithic block. it's not an identity that define s us all. it's jobs, the economy, education, healthcare, by the way, immigration -- stuart: fifth? >> and some other studies ours show that it's number seven so immigration continues to be and i've said it before onset, like a political piniata, but it gets much bigger than that you stay strongly focused on what matters to your family because we're upwardly mobile, hard working community, very entrepreneurial, 55% catholic and there is a message that is fairly conservative but none of the two sides can take for granted this

caltech for example did not open its doors to women until 1970. even then, it only admitted three female students. so helen devises a plan to work around this. she begins seeking out women that have bachelor degrees in math and computer science. she hires them in the lab, trains them, and sends them to a local night school for engineering. todoing this, she is able fill the lab with female engineers who otherwise would not have gotten the door. it is a good thing she does, because these female engineers are needed for a very exciting mission that the lab is about to embark on called the grand tour. ais mission took advantage of one in 175 year alignment of the planet in order to send a spacecraft to the outer planets. the group at jpl was dreaming of looking at planets that no spacecraft had gone to before. jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, pluto. in 1970, nasa experienced massive budget cuts and the grand tour was canceled. the group at jpl felt this was unacceptable. they had to take advantage of this moment. so a small group of engineers, inclu

. >> caltech, now teaching at stanford. >> a teacher stanford university of washington. i teach a seminar. i looked at the picture, who is that handsome young fella you had a camera. >> twenty-three years ago. >> son matt, what did he do? he has a bachelors degree from berkeley, phd in latin american political history from columbia and he became a speechwriter for two and half years. currently he is a full-time faculty member to the university of california in washington in the center of rhode island to have it. he teaches full-time for them. he published an excellent book on ronald reagan called the right moment and he is finishing a book and he will call it eat or, sleep or, thank were, it's about civil war in 1940 to 1944. where did you meet jerry? >> in california. >> how long have you been married. >> forty-nine years this year. >> what did she do when you met her? she became a health policy analyst and she headed the nonprofit in los angeles called the center of healthcare rights with medicare and medicaid. when we moved to washington it was because of her job offe

>> reporter: living in california, it's a topic that caltech faculty member is used to talking about. >> i find it fascinating. >> reporter: but experiencing a powerful earthquake is another thing. according to the recent research the state may be in a earthquake alone. >> i hear people wanting to plan and prepare for that because it's something that can be potentially catastrophic. >> reporter: in a study released today and author said california is experiencing seismic silence. >> the next century seems like it needs to be busier. it could be six earthquakes or more. >> reporter: in the research, that is 2 1/2 years in the making. the study data from faults that carry the most traffic. they include the san andreas, and heyward faults. he concluded that there has not been enough ground rupturing earthquakes in the last 100 years. and one is overdue. >> these are earthquakes where the ground surface is actually physically broken. if you went there and there was a fence line that was initially straight, it would be offset. >> reporter: one of the ground rupturing quakes mentioned in th