the cornerstone of the scientific method is the the randomized experience or we decide whether the fda should approve a particular drug. we go and randomized experiments that we see how the drug worked in a double-blind experiment relative to a placebo, and were able to just compare people who got through to the people who were not. they were randomized. the difference in outcomes tells whether not that drug works. as an economist, as much as i would love to get aroun carry tt out, i would love to know, to present to reduce crime? but it's not like the nsf is going to allow me to go out and run a randomizes that why lock up a bunch of people in one state and irately released people in another state, and it's what happens. so in that kind of a world economists have had to use what i call accident experiments to figure out the answer. in other words, i look

the fda idea that you could reln somebody else and still expects to be in charge. >> you make your bets and live by the results. and he lost he did everything he could to get back what he thought was says. you know, you pick your friends, and you have to suffer the consequences. thank you very much. [applauding] >> t.j. stiles is the author of "jesse james: last rebel of the civil war." mr. stiles has taught at columbia university. wednesday he won the national book award for non-fiction. >> coming up next book tv presents after words, an hourlong discussion between the host and the author of a new book. this week nomi prins former managing director at goldman sachs talks about her book "it takes a pillage." she discusses the book with senator bernie sanders, the author of the memoir "outsider in the house." >> let me begin by thanking c-span for the opportunity of interviewing nomi prins who is the author of "it takes a pillage: behind the bailouts, bonuses, and backroom deals from washington to wall street." when i was in the house for 16 years i served on the financial-services commi