This paper describes a dialogue act tagging scheme developed for the purpose of providing finer-grained quantitative dialogue metrics for comparing and evaluating DARPA COMMUNICATOR spoken dialogue systems. We show that these dialogue act metrics can be used to quantify the amount of effort spent in a dialogue maintaining the channel of communication or, establishing the frame for communication, as opposed to actually carrying out the travel planning task that the system is designed to support....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Walker, Marilyn, AT AND T LABS - RESEARCH FLORHAM PARK NJ, *VOICE COMMUNICATIONS,...
This reference manual for the INGRES data base system documents the use of INGRES in a very terse manner. It is divided into four parts: (1) Quel: describes the commands and features which are used inside of INGRES; (2) Unix: describes the INGRES programs which are executable as UNIX commands; (3) Files: describes some of the important files used by INGRES; and (4) Error: lists all the user generatable error messages along with some elaboration as to what they mean or what we think they mean.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Woodfill,John, CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH LAB, *MAN COMPUTER...
During the final year of the award we devoted considerable time to an evaluation of the Institute's activities during its first years of operation. A great deal has been accomplished, as described in this report and the annual reports that preceded it. It was recognized in our final evaluation of the Institutes accomplishments, however, that the central theme of "human capabilities", to too broad to accurately represent the range of research conducted by our associated investigators....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Watson, Charles S., INDIANA UNIV AT BLOOMINGTON, *HUMANS, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
OBJECTIVE. As we move through an environment, we are constantly making assessments judgments and decisions about the things we encounter. Some are acted upon immediately, but many more become mental notes or fleeting impressions -- our implicit ''labeling of the world. In this paper, we use physiological correlates of this labeling to construct a hybrid brain-computer interface (hBCI) system for efficient navigation of a 3D environment. APPROACH. First, we record electroencephalographic (EEG),...
Topics: DTIC Archive, COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, COMPUTER VISION,...
This report is an update outlining the monthly progress of the development of a wrist interactive device for a wearable PC.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Dini, Paolo, VIA INC BURNSVILLE MN, *COMPUTER APPLICATIONS, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
This guide shows independent operational evaluators and operational testers how to measure the usability (or User Friendliness) of computer software components that require human interaction. It shows how to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of human interactions with the software components of any weapon, equipment, computer, or information mission area system. The methodology in the guide can be applied during any phase of the Acquisition Process. It also addresses the inherent...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bishop, Glade M, PRC INC ALEXANDRIA VA, *MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS, *MAN COMPUTER...
This report describes the analyses of long, thinking-aloud protocols collected from two expereinced software designers during their initial attempts at solving a moderately difficult design problem. Our method of analysis involves transforming the protocols into a series of rules in a condition-action format. These rules reflect the 'policies', or general strategies that guide design activities, 'goals', that indicate the actions that a designer intends to accomplish, and 'notes', that...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Atwood,Michael R, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC ENGLEWOOD CO, *COMPUTER PROGRAMMING,...
What is meant when the interface to a computer software program is called user-friendly? In the Note, we describe six easy to ... dimensions for use-computer interfaces that distinguish among aspects of a program's behavior often confused within the 'user-friendly' rubric. Some of these dimensions are mutually antagonistic, so priorities and choices must be made depending on the user's context. We apply the six dimensions to aid in understanding the love/hate relationship some software...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Anderson, Robert H, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, COMPUTER...
This research project collected eye tracking data while adults answered questions, asked questions, and interacted with electronic media. We tested computational models of question answering (QUEST), question comprehension difficulty (QUAID), and question asking (PREG) in four contexts: (1) answering questions on government questionnaires, (2) comprehending illustrated texts on mechanical and electronic devices, (3) reading Navy recruiting material on the web, and (4) engaging in collaborative...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Graesser, Arthur C, MEMPHIS UNIV TN, *COGNITION, *EYE MOVEMENTS, TRACKING, COMPUTER...
For complex systems that embed automation but also rely on human interaction for guidance and contingency management holistic models are needed that provide for an understanding of the individual human and computer elements and address the critical interactions of such complex systems. Discrete event simulation (DES) models and system dynamics (SD) models are two different approaches that can be used to address these requirements. Both modeling approaches can support the designers of future...
Topics: DTIC Archive, DUKE UNIV DURHAM NC, *INTERACTIONS, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, *MODELS, AUTONOMOUS...
Data fusion is a key driver for achieving Information Superiority. Improvements in processor speed and visualization techniques, virtual reality and sensor technology are important drivers as well. But the bandwidth between humans and their machines is limited; the source being the form of human input/output we are restricted to and the natural speed of processing we perform at. Neither of these obeys Moore's law. Most of the significance of the sensor data that we collect will be lost if it is...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Davenport, Daniel M, RAYTHEON CO PLANO TX, *DATA FUSION, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
The design and implementation of computer-based modeling systems and environments are gaining interest and importance in decision sciences and information systems. In spite of the increasing popularity of GUI-based operating systems, most of the algebraic modeling languages, today, are still file-oriented, text-based, and therefore require structured declarations and formal model definitions. The utilization of the standard graphical screen objects of a graphics-based operating system provides...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rehber, Devrim, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *MATHEMATICAL MODELS,...
From 1988 through 1992, I led two research groups: the advanced interfaces section of NRL's Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) laboratory, which is developing advanced user interface techniques, and a software engineering group, which is designing formal methods for real-time systems. In 1989, a multidisciplinary team of HCI experts and software engineers, drawn from the two groups, began a new research task whose purpose was two-fold: to evaluate existing formal methods for representing and...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Heitmeyer, Connie, FREE HAVEN PROJECT, *SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, *MAN COMPUTER...
A survey designed to measure subject perception of benefit, ease of use, usefulness, collaboration, disorientation, flow and assistance was used to evaluate two releases of an integrated machine learning cognitive assistance system. The design and validity of this evaluation survey is discussed in the context of an information overload experiment.
Topics: DTIC Archive, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, *LEARNING MACHINES,...
This report covers a number of Human Factors (HF) issues relating to the role of the operator and the operator machine interface (OMI) in sonar processing. The first section of the report updates an existing function analysis of the CANadian Towed Array Sonar System (CANT ASS) to incorporate ongoing operational functions that have emerged since the original analysis was conducted. The second section of the report reviews relevant literature that addresses design issues for the OMI of sonar...
Topics: DTIC Archive, HUMANSYSTEMS INC GUELPH (ONTARIO), *SONAR, *WEAPON SYSTEMS, HIGH FREQUENCY, HUMAN...
The Synthesizer Generator is a system for generating language-based editors and interfaces from formal grammatical specifications. This project aimed to evaluate the utility of the Synthesizer Generator for building professional-quality user interfaces for formal-methods tools. As a test case, we used the Synthesizer Generator to prototype a new user-interface for the Cornell University's NuPRL theorem proving system, and delivered it to Cornell.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Teitelbaum, Ray, GRAMMATECH INC ITHACA NY, *COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, *MAN COMPUTER...
Topics: DTIC Archive, SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIV DALLAS TX, *BIOMETRIC SECURITY, HAND HELD, HUMAN FACTORS...
Topics: DTIC Archive, COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK DEPT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, *MEDICAL RESEARCH, BRAIN,...
This report is the third in a series that describes a supervisory control system for use in shipboard damage control. This volume specifically describe the Human Computer Interfaces (HCIs) for Damage Control which are designed both to present relevant situational information to the user and to provide a channel of interaction with the Illinois computer system, the Supervisory Control System for Damage Control (DC-SCS). The DC-Interface attempts to provide these goals through several key...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Carbonari, Ron, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *CONTROL SYSTEMS, *MAN COMPUTER...
This report describes progress on work centered on the demonstration of an interactive computer aid for group decision making. The report includes: (1) a preliminary description of the problem scenario that will be used in evaluating the aiding system, (2) the group/machine procedures and dialogues, (3) key algorithms in the elicitation program, (4) progress in installing and integrating computing and display resources. The next phase of the program will concentrate on the systems...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Levin, Steven, PERCEPTRONICS INC WOODLAND HILLS CA, *DECISION MAKING, *MAN COMPUTER...
The Hybrid Immersive/Non-Immersive Virtual Environment workstation integrates two different approaches to the presentation and exploration of virtual spaces. The Immersive and Non-Immersive components of the system are complimentary in that each approach provides a distinct perspective on the virtual environment being examined.
Topics: DTIC Archive, FAKESPACE INC MOUNTAIN VIEW CA, *VIRTUAL REALITY, IMAGE PROCESSING, MAN COMPUTER...
An investigation of how en route air traffic controllers solved sequencing problems using paper flight progress strips led to the development of a new software interface to aid planning. The primary feature of the new interface involved replacing the strips with virtual tokens that were dynamically linked to their radar targets. In addition, an automated tool was developed that provided a tentative sequencing of the tokens. The current experiment evaluated the automated sequencing tool....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gronlund, S D, OKLAHOMA UNIV NORMAN DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY, *AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS,...
The AAAI Robot Challenge was established four years ago as a grand challenge for mobile robots. The main objectives of the Challenge are to (a) provide a task that will demonstrate a high level of intelligence and autonomy for robots acting in a natural, peopled, dynamic environment; (b) stimulate state-of-the-art robotics research to address this task; and (c) use robot demonstrations to educate the public about the exciting and difficult challenges of robotics research. When the Challenge was...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Simmons, Reid, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA, *HUMANS, *INTERACTIONS, *ROBOTS,...
Visual search is an important part of human-computer interaction (HCI). The visual search processes that people use have a substantial effect on the time expended and likelihood of finding the information they seek. This work investigates visual search through computational cognitive modeling of empirical data. Computational cognitive modeling is a powerful methodology that uses computer simulation to capture, assert, record, and replay plausible sets of interactions among the many human...
Topics: DTIC Archive, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB MESA AZ, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, *COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION,...
Increasingly available mobile devices (e.g., mobile robots, smart phones) are becoming more intelligent in their ability to autonomously perform tasks for users. However, when deployed in complex human environments, these devices still face many sensing, reasoning and actuation limitations. To overcome limitations, we propose symbiotic relationships as those in which the device can request help from humans in the environment while it performs tasks for them. Because the devices are performing...
Topics: DTIC Archive, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, *MAN COMPUTER...
The goal of the project was to develop computational models that helped assess operator performance during cyberoperations. Cyberoperation agents with good user models can be deployed to simultaneously monitor the effects of cyberoperations on several users. This in turn increases the trust in and success of these operations.
Topics: DTIC Archive, RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INST TROY NY, *ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, *COMPUTER NETWORK...
To extend artifact and/or draft functionality in E-L, you must first have a working knowledge of how E-L is used. E-L is extended from within, by using the system to develop new functionality and then to augment the plexes that describe the structure of the artifacts system. This guide assumes you are familiar with the E-L Users' Manual. To add a tool to the system, you will also need to know how to develop C or Common Lisp programs using E-L, so you should also have read either the C and Unix...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Karr, Michael, SOFTWARE OPTIONS INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION,...
As computing technology increasingly pervades everyday life, demand for more flexible and adaptable user interfaces increases. With advent of assistive technology for people with disabilities, user interfaces for mainstream applications become more unique and specialized. This requires user interfaces to be adapted to fit their context, consisting of the physical environment, user capabilities and activity factors. The MesoMORPH project examined methods to add automation to context-dependent...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Moore, Melody, GEORGIA STATE UNIV ATLANTA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, AUTOMATION,...
We present a study which compares human-human computer-mediated tutoring with two computer tutoring systems based on the same materials but differing in the type of feedback they provide. Our results show that there are significant differences in interaction style between human-human and human-computer tutoring, as well as between the two computer tutors, and that different dialogue characteristics predict learning gain in different conditions. We show that there are significant differences in...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER TRAINING SYSTEMS DIV ORLANDO FL, *COMPUTER AIDED...
User-interruption in human-computer interaction (HCI) is an increasingly important problem. Many of the useful advances in intelligent and multitasking computer systems have the significant side effect of greatly increasing user-interruption. This previously innocuous HCI problem has become critical to the successful function of many kinds of modern computer systems. Unfortunately, no HCI design guidelines exist for solving this problem. In fact, theoretical tools do not yet exist for...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McFarlane, Daniel C., OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ARLINGTON VA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
Recent years have witnessed strong progress in understanding how people make decisions in operational settings. The emerging field of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) is at a point to afford system developers (including design engineers, human factors engineers, ergonomics specialists) different tools and methods for designing interfaces/systems that will better support decision making in those settings. Decision requirements can be identified from the early conceptual design phase through...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Klein, Gary, KLEIN ASSOCIATES INC FAIRBORN OH, *DECISION MAKING, *MAN COMPUTER...
Marble Associates, Inc., is engaged in the development of customizable menus in NEXTSTEP and the design of customizable menus in the X windowing environment. In this document, we present the final design and implementation details of the Command Editor in NEXTSTEP. To reiterate the objectives stated in previous submissions. We strive to do the following in building the Command Editor: (1) retain all functionalities of the standard NEXTSTEP environment; (2) add functionalities in a manner...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rusk, Patrick D, MARBLE ASSOCIATES INC WALTHAM MA, *SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, *MENU,...
This document presents a preliminary heuristic evaluation of the CommandView user interface in use at the National Defence Command Centre. The analysis is based on Nielsen's Heuristics. In general, CommandView displays key information for the Joint staff in a comprehensive, integrated format. However, key problems involve consistency of organization. A solution may be to provide a consistent interface by providing standardized terminology across sites and dynamic control of content. A proper...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hollands, J G, DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TORONTO (CANADA), *USER NEEDS, *MAN...
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) has recently received considerable attention in the academic community, in labs, in technology companies, and through the media. Because of this attention, it is desirable to present a survey of HRI to serve as a tutorial to people outside the field and to promote discussion of a unified vision of HRI within the field. The goal of this review is to present a unified treatment of HRI-related problems, to identify key themes, and discuss challenge problems that are...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Goodrich, Michael A, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *HUMANS, *INTERACTIONS,...
The primary technical objectives of this quarter of the project were to: (1) Implement the demonstration prototype including the user interface and the interface to the CBR mechanisms; (2) Build the demonstration case libraries for the missile domain using available TASC Acquisition data and domain knowledge; (3) Identify sources for missing program and test data; and (4) Complete the demonstration plan.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Keller, Karl S, ANALYTIC SCIENCES CORP ARLINGTON VA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST AND STATE UNIV BLACKSBURG MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABS,...
As part of the Technology Investment Fund Project entitled CoA Critiquing System for the Improvement of the Military Estimate Process, this report aims at providing insight into the critiquing problem from a human factors perspective. Drawing on studies from the fields of philosophy (logic and argumentation), linguistics, psychology and sociology, critiquing is studied in this document along three dimensions: (i) as an argument; (ii) as an interpersonal and social practice; and (iii) as a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA VALCARTIER (QUEBEC), *COGNITIVE SCIENCE, *MAN...
Rapidly growing data rates and operational complexity require new approaches to providing situation awareness to military analysts, planners, and decision makers. Representation of complex information through sound, or Data Sonification (DS), is one such promising approach that remains relatively unexploited in both military and non-military information systems. The goal of the Phase I effort was to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of a new approach to DS applications, including: (1)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Reed, Frederick, CHI SYSTEMS INC LOWER GWYNEDD PA, *DATA PROCESSING, *SOUND,...
This thesis is a part of the implementation of a new graphics user interface for accessing a database proposed in paper(WU86). As a graphics user interface GLAD(Graphical Language for Accessing Database) has been implemented. This interface allows a user to create a database schema graphically, It is easy to learn and easy to use, in spite of conventional query languages. This thesis first discusses the general concepts of database and introduces the system that the implementation was achieved,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Horasan,Alparslan, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
Predicting the end of user input turns in a multimodal system can be complex. User interactions vary across a spectrum from single, unimodal inputs to multimodal combinations delivered either simultaneously or sequentially. Early multimodal systems used a fixed duration temporal threshold to determine how long to wait for the next input before processing and integration. Several recent studies have proposed using dynamic or adaptive temporal thresholds to predict turn segmentation and thus...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Kaiser, Edward C, NATURAL INTERACTION SYSTEMS LLC PORTLAND OR, *SPEECH, *PARSERS,...
While fulfilling its research mandate, the Intelligence and Information Section at DRDC Valcartier is constantly developing computer-based tools to support the analysts involved in intelligence activities. These tools are developed under different research projects, for various customers in diverse domains (e.g., improvised explosive devices and maritime situational awareness), to address specific aspects (e.g., the semantic analysis of unstructured documents, the use of automated reasoning to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA VALCARTIER (QUEBEC), *SOFTWARE TOOLS,...
Constraint-based programming has been used for a wide variety of applications where declarative specification and general solution mechanisms are desirable. This paper describes a prototype document preparation system, Ensemble-C, that utilizes constraint satisfaction as a mechanism for presentation maintenance and incremental formatting. The goal of the overall Ensemble project is the integration of a wide variety of media, including computer programs and dynamic media such as sound and...
Topics: DTIC Archive, CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY COMPUTER SCIENCE DIV, *DOCUMENTS, *INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSING,...
The material in this Test Operations Procedure (TOP) is intended to provide guidance for the planning and conduct of a human factors engineering (HFE) analysis of the Soldier-computer interface (SCI), during development testing (DT) by the Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). The procedures and criteria contained herein will analyze the adequacy of those aspects of the software, hardware, and workspace design for the test function of operability that influence operator performance in a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY ELECTRONIC PROVING GROUND FORT HUACHUCA AZ, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, COMPUTER...
Marble Associates, Inc., is engaged in the development of customizable menus in NEXTSTEP and the X windowing environment. In this document, we present the design and implementation path for realizing end-user customizable menus in X and Motif. The differences between the NEXTSTEP and X development environments motivate an approach to bringing customizable menus to X and Motif that differs from our approach in NEXTSTEP. Initially, we intend to provide the basic functionality of customizing menus...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rusk, Patrick D, MARBLE ASSOCIATES INC WALTHAM MA, *SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, *MENU,...
Software design is the process of translating a set of task requirements into a structural description of a computer program that will perform the indicated task. Expert designers rely on a great deal of domain-specific knowledge to perform a design task. Novice designers lack this specialized knowledge and rely on more general problem solving strategies. This report describes the novices' design processes and illustrates their operation by considering thinking-aloud protocols. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Atwood,Michael E, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INC ENGLEWOOD CO, *COMPUTER PROGRAMMING,...
This report describes the Shiftwork Scheduler Interface of the 24/7 Operational Toolset. The toolset was based upon the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE (trademark); Hursh et al., 2004) model. The SAFTE (trademark) model predicts cognitive performance level based upon sleep, circadian rhythm, and sleep inertia. This specific interface of the toolset was designed to aid in the construction of regular, rotating, 24/7 shiftwork schedules. The interface design approach was...
Topics: DTIC Archive, NTI INC FAIRBORN OH, *SCHEDULING, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, *FATIGUE(PHYSIOLOGY),...
Precedent has shown common controllers must strike a balance between the desire for an integrated user interface design by human factors engineers and support of project-specific data requirements. A common user-interface requires the project-specific data to conform to an internal representation, but project-specific customization is impeded by the implicit rules introduced by the internal data representation. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific) developed the latest...
Topics: DTIC Archive, SPACE AND NAVAL WARFARE SYSTEMS CENTER PACIFIC SAN DIEGO CA, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE,...
A general purpose ARINC (Aeronautical Radio, INC) serial interface has been developed for use with an IBM PC or compatible computer. The interface consist of a PC card and software to selectivity read, log, time tag and process data read from the ARINC bus. The PC card uses an XT slot and the data is written onto a floppy disk or hard disk. The data logging and post-processing software has been configured for ARINC 419/561 but can be readily reconfigured to other ARINC formats. ARINC 419/561...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Iob, M, AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH LABS MELBOURNE (AUSTRALIA), *COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS,...
In conventional control rooms, the predominant means for providing control input is via hard-wired, spatially dedicated control devices that have fixed functions. However, in human-system interfaces featuring computer-based technologies, the operator may interact via soft controls - devices having connections with control and display systems that are mediated by software rather than direct physical connections. Soft controls can have functions that are variable and context dependent rather than...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LAB UPTON NY, *MAN COMPUTER INTERFACE, *CONTROL SYSTEMS, HUMAN...
No one claims that people must interact with machines in the same way that they interact with other humans. Certainly, people do not carry on conversations with their toasters in the morning, unless they have a serious problem. However, the situation becomes a bit more complex when we begin to build and interact with machines or robots that either look like humans or have functionalities and capabilities. Then, people well might interact with their humanlike machines in ways that mimic...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perzanowski, Dennis, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *SOCIAL COMMUNICATION,...
