702
702
Jul 23, 2010
07/10
by
Rhodes, David B.; Franke, John M.; Jones, Stephen B.; Leighty, Bradley D
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A galvanometer mirror-based laser light sheet system has been developed for use in the Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel at NASA Langley. This system generates and positions single or multiple light sheets over aeronautical research models being tested in the low speed tunnel. This report describes a twin mirrored galvanometer laser light sheet generator and shows typical light sheet arrangements in use. With this system, illumination of smoke entrained in the flow over a delta wing model...
Topics: AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT SAFETY, WEATHER, ICE FORMATION, LIGHTNING, MESOSCALE PHENOMENA,...
At present, surface weather observing methods are still largely manual and labor intensive. Through the nationwide implementation of Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), this situation can be improved. Two ASOS capability levels are planned. The first is a basic-level system which will automatically observe the weather parameters essential for aviation operations and will operate either with or without supplemental contributions by an observer. The second is a more fully automated,...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AUTOMATION, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, WEATHER FORECASTING,...
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184
May 27, 2011
05/11
by
REBONT, JEAN; VALENSI, JACQUES; SOULEZ-LARIVIERE, JEA
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IT HAS BEEN SHOWN BY THE CALCULATIONS OF A PRECEDING NOTE THAT THE EFFECT ON THE LIFT OF A ROTOR DUE TO AN INCREASE IN THE EFFECTIVE COLLECTIVE PITCH, WHILE IN THE COURSE OF STEADY DESCENDING VERTICAL FLIGHT NEAR THE AUTOROTATIVE REGIME, DEPENDS ESSENTIALLY UPON THE SPEED OF THE PITCH CHANGE. EXPERIMENT CONFIRMS THE RESULT.
Topics: ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING, ALTITUDE, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, U-2 AIRCRAFT, UNITED...
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250
Jun 12, 2011
06/11
by
Gaffey, Michael J
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There is significant dispute concerning the interpretation and meteoritic affinities of S-type asteroids. Some of this arises from the use of inappropriate analysis methods and the derivation of conclusions which cannot be supported by those interpretive methodologies [1]. The most frequently applied inappropriate technique is curve matching. Whether matching spectra from a spectral library or mixing end-member spectra to match the asteroid spectrum, curve matching for S-type spectra suffers...
Topics: AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT CONDITIONS, DATA BASES, DATA SIMULATION, AIRPORTS, VORTEX AVOIDANCE,...
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376
May 30, 2011
05/11
by
Timucin, Dogan A.; Downie, John D
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Although the basic idea may be traced back to the earlier X-ray diffraction studies of Sir W. L. Bragg, the holographic method as we know it was invented by D. Gabor in 1948 as a two-step lensless imaging technique to enhance the resolution of electron microscopy, for which he received the 1971 Nobel Prize in physics. The distinctive feature of holography is the recording of the object phase variations that carry the depth information, which is lost in conventional photography where only the...
Topics: AIRCRAFT SAFETY, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, RADIO COMMUNICATION, SATELLITE COMMUNICATION, AVIATION...
The Denver Air Traffic Control Center has had a Prototype Regional Observation and Forecast System (PROFS) display system since the spring of 1982. Outputs of the system are presented and explained.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, DISPLAY DEVICES, WEATHER FORECASTING,...
The Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) model uses the local standard airways observation (SAO) to predict hour-by-hour the following elements: temperature, pressure, dew point depression, first and second cloud-layer height and amount, ceiling, total cloud amount, visibility, wind, and present weather conditions. GEM is superior to persistence at all projections for all elements in a large independent sample. A minute-by-minute GEM forecasting system utilizing the Automated Weather...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, STATISTICAL WEATHER...
An embodiment of the supplemental weather display system presents supplemental weather information on a display in a craft. An exemplary embodiment receives the supplemental weather information from a remote source, determines a location of the supplemental weather information relative to the craft, receives weather information from an on-board radar system, and integrates the supplemental weather information with the weather information received from the on-board radar system.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DISPLAY DEVICES, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, METEOROLOGICAL...
Recently, the United States has increased its activities related to aircraft icing in numerous fields: ice phobics, revised characterization of icing conditions, instrument development/evaluation, de-ice/anti-ice devices, simulated supercooled clouds, computer simulation and flight tests. The Federal Coordinator for Meteorology is involved in two efforts, one a National Plan on Aircraft Icing and the other a plan for Improved Aircraft Icing Forecasts and Associated Warning Services. These two...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT HAZARDS, ICE FORMATION, WEATHER FORECASTING,...
The Bracknell (U.K.) Meteorological Office runs a global weather model twice a day, providing the following data: surface and radiosonde; aircraft reports; and satellite soundings and wind. A human forecast is made every six hours. The model runs on a 150 km grid with 15 levels, and takes about four minutes on a Cyber-205. The standard output from the global products are wind, temperature, height, tropopause, and maximum wind. Various experiments have been conducted to see if short-range...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, NUMERICAL WEATHER...
Clear-air turbulence has become the largest single cause of weather-related injuries occurring in commercial carriers at cruising altitudes. A technique for objective operational CAT detection (the SCATR index) has been formulated. Its physical basis ties CAT to total energy dissipation as a response to meso- and synoptic-scale dynamical processes associated with upper-level jet stream/frontal zones. Early case studies using properly analyzed routine RAOB rawinsonde sounding data have shown...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE, WEATHER...
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274
May 22, 2011
05/11
by
Burkhardt, Linda A
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Results of tests comparing M81381/7 versus Gore HSCR wire insulation on corona inception and extinction, time and current to smoke, wire fusing time, abrasion, flex life, and dynamic cut-through are presented in view-graph format. Results show that Gore is not comparable to M81381 in performance at elevated temperatures, that mechanical properties of M81381 are superior, and that corona and wire fusing times are equivalent.
Topics: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT, SENSORS, IMAGE PROCESSING, LANDING AIDS, MULTISENSOR APPLICATIONS,...
For all its activity statistics, general-aviation is the most vulnerable to hazardous weather. Of concern to the general aviation industry are: (1) the slow pace of getting units of the Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS) to the field; (2) the efforts of the National Weather Service to withdraw from both the observation and dissemination roles of the aviation weather system; (3) the need for more observation points to improve the accuracy of terminal and area forecasts; (4) the need for...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, CIVIL AVIATION, FLIGHT SAFETY, WEATHER...
The wind or temperature profiler is a new special observation device designed to supplement traditional atmospheric measurement and provide more accurate middle-range forecasts, including aviation and space applications. Radar is most useful in the short, nowcast time frame. Satellites and surface observations are also most useful for short-range forecasts but have less impact on the longer range. The radiosonde network, on the other hand, only starts to be very important after about six hours...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT, WEATHER...
U.S. agency and agency-sponsored programs for lightning detection are listed. Research and development in the area of lightning sensors is described.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DETECTION, LIGHTNING, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, DETECTORS,...
A service called the Optimum Path Aircraft Routing System (OPARS) supplies products based on output data from the Naval Oceanographic Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), a model run on a Cyber-205 computer. Temperatures and winds are extracted from the surface to 100 mb, approximately 55,000 ft. Forecast winds are available in six-hour time steps.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, NUMERICAL WEATHER...
Provides a final report on the work accomplished by several meteorological scientists under a NASA grant in conjunction with the DC-8 component of Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM)-Tropics B. The responsibilities of the principal investigator included collaboration with the Science Team on flight planning, presentation of forecasts, and the preparation of map discussions for each flight. In a published manuscript, the principal investigator summarized the meteorological conditions during PEM-TB...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), TROPICAL REGIONS, WEATHER, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, AIR...
New models, hardware, and software packages in use at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) are described.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS (COMPUTERS), ATMOSPHERIC MODELS,...
To all peoples in all parts of the world throughout history, the ability to move about easily is a fundamental element of freedom. The American people have charged NASA to increase their freedom and that of their children knowing that their quality of life will improve as our nation s transportation systems improve. In pursuit of this safe, reliable, and affordable personalized air transportation option, in 2000 NASA established the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) Project. As the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIR TRANSPORTATION, AIRPORTS, CIVIL AVIATION, GENERAL...
Access 5 analyzed the differences between UAS and manned aircraft operations under five categories of abnormal or emergency situations: Link Failure, Lost Communications, Onboard System Failures, Control Station Failures and Abnormal Weather. These analyses were made from the vantage point of the impact that these operations have on the US air traffic control system, with recommendations for new policies and procedures included where appropriate.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EMERGENCIES, NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM, SYSTEM FAILURES,...
The program focuses on providing real-time information on hazardous aviation weather to end users such as air traffic control and pilots. Existing systems will soon be replaced by a Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), which will be concerned with detecting such hazards as heavy rain and hail, turbulence, low-altitude wind shear, and mesocyclones and tornadoes. Other systems in process are the Central Weather Processor (CWP), and the terminal Doppler weather radar (TDWR). Weather...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, DOPPLER RADAR, MICROBURSTS...
The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: 5 microburst core penetrations; Airborne Warning and Avoidance System 3 (AWAS 3) overall performance; and issues of concern.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), FLIGHT TESTS, INFRARED DETECTORS, MICROBURSTS (METEOROLOGY),...
Future program efforts in Automation of Field Operations and Services (AFOS) are presented. The AFOS concept involves extensive use of minicomputers, video display, and rapid communication to aid field personnel in their daily activities. Some of the predominant characteristics of AFOS are: (1) communications will be consolidated and streamlined, (2) the system is modular in structure, (3) it is not subject to catastrophic failure, (4) it can be implemented in phases adaptable to changing...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AERONAUTICS, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, MECHANIZATION,...
A study was conducted to determine the important meteorological needs of the aviation community and to recommend research in those areas judged most beneficial. The study was valuable in that it provided a comprehensive list of suspected meteorological deficiencies and ideas for research programs relative to these deficiencies. The list and ideas were generated from contacts with various pilots, air traffic controllers, and meteorologists.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, AVIONICS, METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS,...
No abstract available
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT ICING, LABORATORIES, WIND TUNNELS, AVIATION...
The purpose of the research was to develop and test improved hazard algorithms that could result in the development of sensors that are better able to anticipate potentially severe atmospheric turbulence, which affects aircraft safety. The research focused on employing numerical simulation models to develop improved algorithms for the prediction of aviation turbulence. This involved producing both research simulations and real-time simulations of environments predisposed to moderate and severe...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, TURBULENCE MODELS, FLIGHT HAZARDS,...
Very good agreement between remotely sensed winds using a ground-based Doppler lidar and in situ measurements with an instrumented aircraft is possible. Results show that turbulence intensities computed from time histories measured with the aircraft and time histories of the radial wind measured with lidar can be analyzed statistically to provide turbulence intensities and turbulence spectra which agree well with one another. The results further show that the second moment data, as presently...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, DOPPLER RADAR, OPTICAL RADAR, REMOTE...
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484
Jul 23, 2010
07/10
by
Proctor, F. H
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A three-dimensional numerical cloud model was developed for the general purpose of studying convective phenomena. The model utilizes a time splitting integration procedure in the numerical solution of the compressible nonhydrostatic primitive equations. Turbulence closure is achieved by a conventional first-order diagnostic approximation. Open lateral boundaries are incorporated which minimize wave reflection and which do not induce domain-wide mass trends. Microphysical processes are governed...
Topics: AVIATION METEOROLOGY, CONTROLLERS, EQUATIONS OF MOTION, LIGHT AIRCRAFT, COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION,...
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189
May 31, 2011
05/11
by
NON
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The AiroCide TiO2 is an air-purifier that kills 93.3 percent of airborne pathogens that pass through it, including Bacillus anthraci, more commonly known as anthrax. It is essentially a spinoff of KES Science & Technology, Inc.'s Bio-KES system, a highly effective device used by the produce industry for ethylene gas removal to aid in preserving the freshness of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. The TiO2-based ethylene removal technology that is incorporated into the company's AiroCide TiO2...
Topics: AVIONICS, WIND DIRECTION, WIND SHEAR, RADIO WAVES, THUNDERSTORMS, METEOROLOGICAL RADAR, TECHNOLOGY...
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190
Aug 2, 2010
08/10
by
Stengel, Robert F.; Ray, Laura R
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A simple numerical procedure for estimating the stochastic robustness of a linear time-invariant system is described. Monte Carlo evaluations of the system's eigenvalues allows the probability of instability and the related stochastic root locus to be estimated. This analysis approach treats not only Gaussian parameter uncertainties but non-Gaussian cases, including uncertain-but-bounded variation. Confidence intervals for the scalar probability of instability address computational issues...
Topics: AVIATION METEOROLOGY, DISPLAY DEVICES, EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS, FEASIBILITY, FLIGHT SIMULATION,...
This viewgraph presentation reviews the findings of the "Investigation of the Helios Prototype Aircraft Mishap." The presentation examines the background of the Helios project, a description of the mishap, observations concerning the mishap and analysis results, proximate and root causes and technical recommendations and lessons learned.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SOLAR POWERED AIRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION,...
The distribution of weather information throughout the Air Traffic Control System is discussed along with the development of meteorological radar, and the modifications to the Air Route Traffic Control Center radars for locating and determining the severity of storms' cells. The planned improvements in the availability of weather data to the control centers are listed.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, COMPUTER...
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257
May 31, 2011
05/11
by
Spirkovska, Lilly; Lodha, Suresh K
texts
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The two official sources for aviation weather reports both require the pilot to mentally visualize the provided information. In contrast, our system, Aviation Weather Environment (AWE) presents aviation specific weather available to pilots in an easy to visualize form. We start with a computer-generated textual briefing for a specific area. We map this briefing onto a grid specific to the pilot's route that includes only information relevant to his flight route that includes only information...
Topics: FLIGHT SAFETY, TURBULENCE, VOLCANOES, AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE, INFRARED RADIATION, MICROWAVE...
This bibliography of 326 readily usable references of basic and applied research programs related to the various areas of aviation meteorology was assembled. A literature search was conducted which surveyed the major abstract publications such as the International Aerospace Abstracts, the Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts, and the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports. In addition, NASA and DOT computer literature searches were run; and NASA, NOAA, and FAA research project...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT SAFETY, WEATHER, ATMOSPHERIC...
The principal objective is to develop methods for assessing the likelihood of wind shear encounter, for deciding what flight path to pursue, and for using the aircraft's full potential for combating wind shear. This study requires the definition of both deterministic and statistical techniques for fusing internal and external information, for making go/no-go decisions, and for generating commands to the aircraft's cockpit displays and autopilot for both manually controlled and automatic flight....
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT HAZARDS, APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS (COMPUTERS), EXPERT...
When the demand for either a region of airspace or an airport approaches or exceeds the available capacity, miles-in-trail (MIT) restrictions are the most frequently issued traffic management initiatives (TMIs) that are used to mitigate these imbalances. Miles-intrail operations require aircraft in a traffic stream to meet a specific inter-aircraft separation in exchange for maintaining a safe and orderly flow within the stream. This stream of aircraft can be departing an airport, over a common...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRSPACE, AIRPORTS, AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL, WEATHER, AIRCRAFT...
The objective of the research developed and presented in this document was to statistically assess turbulence hazard detection performance employing airborne pulse Doppler radar systems. The FAA certification methodology for forward looking airborne turbulence radars will require estimating the probabilities of missed and false hazard indications under operational conditions. Analytical approaches must be used due to the near impossibility of obtaining sufficient statistics experimentally. This...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRBORNE RADAR, DOPPLER RADAR, ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE,...
Weather Information Communications (WINCOMM) is part of the Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) Project, which is part of the NASA's Aviation Safety and Security Program. The goals of WINCOMM are to facilitate the exchange of tactical and strategic weather information between air and ground. This viewgraph presentation provides information on data link decision factors, architectures, validation goals. WINCOMM is capable of providing en-route communication air-to-ground, ground-to-air, and...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DATA LINKS, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION,...
The Orion space vehicle is designed to requirements for both direct attachment and indirect effects of lightning. Both sets of requirements are based on a full threat 200kA strike, in accordance with constraints and guidelines contained in SAE ARP documents applicable to both commercial and military aircraft and space vehicles. This paper describes the requirements as levied against the vehicle, as well as the means whereby the design shows full compliance.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), LIGHTNING, PROTECTION, CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE,...
Reports on aviation meteorology, most of them informal, are presented by representatives of the National Weather Service, the Bracknell (England) Meteorological Office, the NOAA Wave Propagation Lab., the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center, and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Additional presentations are included on aircraft/lidar turbulence comparison, lightning detection and locating systems, objective detection and forecasting of clear air turbulence, comparative verification...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT SAFETY, WEATHER, ICE FORMATION,...
The meteorological education of general aviation pilots is discussed in terms of the definitions and concepts of learning and good educational procedures. The effectiveness of the metoeorological program in the training of general aviations pilots is questioned. It is suggested that flight instructors provide real experience during low ceilings and visibilities, and that every pilot receiving an instrument rating should experience real instrument flight.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT, METEOROLOGY,...
Engine Icing: Characterization and Simulation Capability: Develop knowledge bases, analysis methods, and simulation tools needed to address the problem of engine icing; in particular, ice-crystal icing Airframe Icing Simulation and Engineering Tool Capability: Develop and demonstrate 3-D capability to simulate and model airframe ice accretion and related aerodynamic performance degradation for current and future aircraft configurations in an expanded icing environment that includes freezing...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT ICING, ICE FORMATION, AIRFRAMES, HAZARDS, REMOTE...
With aviation traffic continuing to increase worldwide, reducing the aviation accident rate and aviation schedule delays is of critical importance. In the United States, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has established the Aviation Safety Program and the Aviation System Capacity Program to develop and test new technologies to increase aviation safety and system capacity. Weather is a significant contributor to aviation accidents and schedule delays. The timely...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT SAFETY, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, RADIO...
Preliminary data description of the August 5, 1982, microburst case is available. Its use in simulation of microburst is discussed, excluding the turbulence part, since it is not available.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS, ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, AVIATION...
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The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) was successfully launched on Nov. 18, 1989. The Delta Launch Vehicle performed flawlessly, and observatory deployments occurred as planned. The dewar cover successfully deployed on day 4, as planned, and the cryogen temperature is currently at 1.41 K. All three instruments are operating and acquiring science data, and the Payload Operational Control Center (POCC)/Network support has been excellent. Various performance aspects of the COBE are presented in...
Topics: DISPLAY DEVICES, COCKPITS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, METEOROLOGICAL RADAR, WEATHER, WIND (METEOROLOGY),...
This study examines the influence of ambient vertical wind shear on microburst intensity, asymmetry, and translation. Results show that microburst asymmetry is influenced by the magnitude of the low-level ambient vertical shear. The microburst outflow elongates in the direction of the shear vector (which is not necessarily in the direction of translation), and generates the greatest hazard (for commercial jet transports) along paths orthogonal to the shear vector. The model results also show...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT HAZARDS, MICROBURSTS...
Sessions were held with the standing committees on aircraft design, simulation, general services, and general aviation. It was stated that current procedures for designing structural components with respect to turbulence forcing functions were adequate. It was agreed that the ultimate goal of aviation weather services was the delivery of accurate and timely information to the cockpit flight crew.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRCRAFT DESIGN, ATMOSPHERIC MODELS, CIVIL AVIATION,...
There has been extensive discussion concerning the use of ground based Doppler radars for the detection and measurement of microburst features and the mapping of associated wind shears. Recent and planned research at Langley into technology and techniques useful for the future development of airborne Doppler weather radar systems for both turbulence and wind shear detection are addressed. Such systems, if successfully developed, would represent a marked increase in performance over airborne...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, DOPPLER RADAR,...
During the research project, sounding datasets were generated for the region surrounding 9 major airports, including Dallas, TX, Boston, MA, New York, NY, Chicago, IL, St. Louis, MO, Atlanta, GA, Miami, FL, San Francico, CA, and Los Angeles, CA. The numerical simulation of winter and summer environments during which no instrument flight rule impact was occurring at these 9 terminals was performed using the most contemporary version of the Terminal Area PBL Prediction System (TAPPS) model nested...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AVIATION METEOROLOGY, FLIGHT CONDITIONS, DATA BASES, DATA...
Model comparison of July 7, 1990 microburst is presented in the form of view-graphs. The following topics are covered: 7 July 1990 Orlando, FL simulations; model input sounding for 7 July 1990 Orlando case; 7 July 1990 Orlando microburst; and comparison of simulated and observed characteristics of microburst event.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE, AVIATION METEOROLOGY, COMPUTERIZED...