Methods exist for testing the homogeneity of group regression for the case in which there is only one predictor. Studies which have investigated aptitude-treatment interactions have adopted the homogeneity of regressions test as standard methodology for assessing the difference in regression slopes across treatments. Additional statistical methodology is suggested by which the homogeneity of group regressions can be tested when two or more predictors are present. Before covariate analysis can...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Correlation, Interaction, Interaction Process Analysis,...
The longitudinal effects of Louisiana's Compensatory/Remedial Program upon student performance were assessed using data from four administrations of the Basic Skills Test (BST) between 1982 and 1985. Language arts and mathematics tests were administered in grades 2 through 5. Scores increased slightly between 1982 and 1984, and declined in 1985; therefore the number of students qualifying for the Compensatory/Remedial Program also changed. The BST played a limited role in decisions to promote...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Basic Skills, Compensatory Education, Elementary Education,...
The Cleveland School District developed the Elementary Law-Related Education Program (ELRE) for students in grades three to six. The plan was designed to educate students in citizenship, the law, and the courts. It was implemented in the 1981-82 school year. The aims of the project were to develop student knowledge and attitude evaluation instruments, and to measure the impact of the program on students. A 30-item multiple choice test of knowledge and a 15-item attitude survey were developed...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Tests, Analysis of Covariance, Attitude Measures, Citizenship Education,...
High school and college grades are suggested to have the nature of ordinal scales rather than interval scales; hence the median is the appropriate and preferred average, rather than the mean. The use of a median grade point average has some of the major advantages of pass-fail grading. Assuming grades to be ordinal rather than interval data suggests that estimates of test bias should not be subjected only to analysis of covariance. As an alternative, equipercentile equating procedures are...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, College Students, Equated Scores, Grade Point Average, Grades...
The widespread availability of computational graphics for personal computers has greatly increased the potential for visual display of research data. The correlation between two variables can be represented graphically by using circles to represent the variance associated with each circle, and by letting the overlap between the circles be proportional to the squared product-moment correlation between the variables. A procedure is given for locating the circles so that this relation is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Algorithms, Analysis of Covariance, Computer Graphics, Correlation, Educational...
The relationship between analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods and their analogs (analysis of covariance and multiple analyses of variance and covariance--collectively referred to as OVA methods) and the more general analytic case is explored. A small heuristic data set is used, with a hypothetical sample of 20 subjects, randomly assigned to five conditions of exposure to an experimental instructional method. Students were also grouped into high or low ability levels. The data illustrate that:...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Heuristics, Hypothesis Testing,...
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May 7, 2020
05/20
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Rao, Poduri S. R. S
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xix, 204 pages : 23 cm
Topics: analysis of covariance, Variantie-analyse, Analysis of Variance, Analysis of variance, Analyse de...
Typescript
Topics: Multivariate analysis, Analysis of variance, Analysis of covariance, Matrices
The conceptualization of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the residual scores that are obtained when the dependent variable is regressed on the covariate, is mathematically incorrect. If residuals are obtained from the pooled within-groups regression coefficient, ANOVA on the residuals results in an inflated alpha-level. If the regression coefficient for the total sample combined into one group is used, ANOVA on the residuals yields an inappropriately...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Least Squares Statistics, Mathematical...
Limited to a comparison of one open school and one traditional school, this study was performed to empirically assess the claims of open classroom proponents. Approximately 250 students in grades 1 through 6 of two elementary schools, one utilizing an open classroom instructional program and the other a traditional instructional program, comprised the sample in the two-year study which focused on the assessment of the comparative effects of the two instructional programs upon three student...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Achievement Tests, Analysis of Covariance, Classroom...
This presentation addresses the question of what language experiences are most appropriate for the academic instruction of children who do not speak English as a native language. The question is explored through a reanalysis of data gathered in a previous 6-year study that varied English and Tagalog instruction across grades one through six in 18 Philippino classrooms. It was concluded that (1) proficiency in English is directly related to the number of years in which it is used as the medium...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Bilingual Education, Elementary Education, English (Second...
A study was conducted to compare electronic and traditional versions of a graduate-level research class. There were 73 participants in the electronic classes and 35 in the traditional classes, with a majority membership of white females enrolled in graduate education programs. Multiple choice pretests and posttests were administered to all groups. An analysis of covariance indicated that there was no statistically significant difference, at the 0.05 level, between the adjusted means of the two...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Distance Education, Educational Research, Electronic Mail,...
Hypothetical data sets are used to demonstrate how canonical correlation methods subsume other commonly utilized parametric methods. Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, multiple analysis of variance, and multiple analysis of covariance are heavily used by educational researchers. It is concluded that researchers would do well to consider using general linear model (GLM) techniques as opposed to analysis of variance and its analogs. GLM and analysis of variance are equivalent when the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Comparative Analysis, Correlation,...
Evaluators often utilize analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) techniques to compensate statistically for the lack of experimental control when assessing the effects of innovative programs implemented in naturalistic settings. In this paper design, analysis, and reporting considerations important to the application of ANCOVA-type techniques in educational settings are described. Problems that arise from the use of complex data analysis techniques are identified, based on a review and critique of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Data Collection, Elementary Secondary Education, Evaluation...
A study determined the effectiveness of computer-aided drafting (CAD) and standard drafting instruction on the ability of students with differing visual-haptic perceptual styles to solve orthographic projection problems. A 2x2x2 factorial design was chosen to compare two levels of perceptual style with two levels of treatment and two levels of prior drafting experience. Activities were administration of the Successive Perception I test to determine visual-haptic style; administration of a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Cognitive Style, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted...
Conventional statistical significance tests do not inform the researcher regarding the likelihood that results will replicate. One strategy for evaluating result replication is to use a "bootstrap" resampling of a study's data so that the stability of results across numerous configurations of the subjects can be explored. This paper illustrates the use of the bootstrap in a canonical correlation analysis. Canonical correlation analysis is the most general case of classical general...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Correlation, Discriminant Analysis,...
Inconsistencies in the use of terminology to describe instructional treatments, confounding of discovery and expository methods with other aspects of instruction, and inconsistencies in defining independent and dependent variables within and between studies have all contributed to the lack of definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of different instructional methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three instructional methods, i.e., expository, discovery,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Discovery Learning, Games, Grade 3,...
This study investigated the effects of different structures of a synthesizer and formats of the generality component on the application and remember levels of learning. Seventy-three undergraduates participated. Four treatment groups were formed by combining two types of structure (complete versus partial) with two types of format in generality (visual versus verbal statement). A complete synthesizer contained a generality, an example, and some practice. A box-chart diagram was used to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Control Groups, Higher Education, Hypothesis Testing,...
The technique of analysis of covariance is examined for its relevance to educational and psychological investigations. A study of the arithmetic procedures, history, and statistical properties shows that, though the concepts are relevant to many data collection designs, the customary calculations are often inappropriate. Some suggestions are made relevant to altering the arithmetic procedures or the data collection design under some common conditions encountered in educational and psychological...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Data Collection, Educational Research, Hypothesis Testing,...
This paper relates educational and psychological statistics to certain "Research Statistical Tools" (RSTs) necessary to accomplish and understand general research in the behavioral sciences. Emphasis is placed on acquiring an effective understanding of the RSTs and to this end they are are ordered to a continuum scale in terms of individual precision, power, and robustness. The Precision-Power-Gradient theory is suggested as a means of structuring an introductory graduate course in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Behavioral Science Research,...
Joreskog's general method for analysis of covariance structures was developed for estimating a model involving structures of a very general form on means, variances, and covariances of multivariate observations. This method achieves a great deal of generality and flexibility, in that it is capable of handling most standard statistical models as well as many nonstandard and complicated ones. This paper describes a computer program for the method. When the variance-covariance matrix of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Computer Programs, Mathematics, Models,...
This research explored the degree to which group sizes can differ before the robustness of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) are jeopardized. Monte Carlo methodology was used, allowing for the experimental investigation of potential threats to robustness under conditions common to researchers in education. The effects of unequal group sizes were explored under the following data set conditions: (1) heterogeneity of group variances; (2) skew; (3) kurtosis; and (4)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Educational Research, Monte Carlo...
Increased student demand for foundations courses, coupled with a lack of qualified staff, made it necessary to provide workable alternatives to traditional instruction. Substantial adjustments could not be made until the efficacy of the new methods could be documented. The study compared cognitive and attitudinal outcomes of two types of classes, a traditional one of 38 students (the control group), which met three times weekly for periods of 50 minutes each, and an experimental group of 90...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Attitude Measures, Cognitive Tests, Comparative Analysis,...
The Required Academic Proficiency (RAP) program was established by the Houston (Texas) Independent School District to reduce and remediate the academic failure of students. The purpose of the RAP program was twofold: (1) to provide supplemental instruction to students identified as being at risk of failing academic subjects; and (2) to provide additional instructional support designed to increase the percentages of students mastering achievement tests. RAP sessions, which were held for seven...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Achievement Tests, Analysis of Covariance, English (Second...
In 1980, Wichita State University received a grant to introduce microcomputers as interactive teaching tools in large science classrooms. Through this grant, 18 faculty in 11 departments developed software modules illustrating concepts that are often difficult to teach by usual lecture methods. To determine whether the use of microcomputers in large screen interactive demonstrations would promote more positive student attitudes towards computers, a questionnaire was administered to two groups...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, College Faculty, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer...
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether biology majors' and non-biology majors' attitudes toward biology are changed as a result of a single semester of instruction in biology. This study also attempted to determine the direction, degree, and possible correlates of this modification. The Biology Attitude Scale was administered at the beginning and conclusion of two non-biology majors courses and three biology majors courses. Biology majors had significantly more positive entering...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affective Behavior, Age, Analysis of Covariance, Attitude Change, Attitude Measures,...
Federal assistance for special educational programs makes necessary the regular study of evaluations of thousands of innovations in compensatory education, bilingual education, and reading programs. The results are reported to the President and to Congress. However, investigating organizations find only a few programs with adequate evidence and thousands with faulty evaluation designs. Some of the most common faults are discussed, with examples. There are other factors which lower hopes. If...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Gains, Analysis of Covariance, Compensatory Education, Criterion...
This paper presents a general model for conceptualizing and testing the interactions of individual differences and subject-matter characteristics with instructional methods. The model postulates certain ways of classifying the variables of interest in such investigations and of conceptualizing the cause-and-effect relationships among those classes of variables. Implications for both research and theory-construction are discussed, and a resolution of the controversy over the optimal breadth of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Educational Research, Research Design, Research Methodology,...
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58
Jul 16, 2014
07/14
by
Huitema, Bradley E., 1938-
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"A Wiley-Interscience publication."
Topic: Analysis of covariance
A statistical model for analysis of multiple time-series observation is briefly outlined. The model incorporates a change parameter corresponding to intervention or interruption of the dependent series. The additional time-series are included in the model as covariates. The practical application of the procedure is illustrated with traffic fatality data from several Northeast states. The intervention variable is a legislative crackdown on speeding offenders in Connecticut, which was claimed to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Intervention, Models, Research Design, Statistical Analysis,...
Failure to consider errors of measurement when using partial correlation or analysis of covariance techniques can result in erroneous conclusions. Certain aspects of this problem are discussed and particular attention is given to issues raised in a recent article by Brewar, Campbell, and Crano. (Author)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Comparative Analysis, Correlation,...
Comparisons between whites and blacks in models of educational achievement were found to be suspect when based solely on least-square estimates, since the estimates are biased by measurement error varying by race. In this study, white high school seniors were shown to report their parents' status characteristics more reliably than black high school seniors. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 as the seniors moved into early adult years....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Analysis of Covariance, Black Students, Error of Measurement,...
In many circumstances it is appropriate to use the school as the unit of analysis. The variables measured on students must be aggregated to form a mean for each school. However, the means derived from the students sampled in a school will tend to fluctuate around the true mean for the school in a way determined by the within-school correlations among student variables rather than by the between-school correlations. A model is presented which circumvents this problem by obtaining replicate...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Data Analysis, Males, Mathematical Models, Sampling,...
Passages used in the Illinois Goal Assessment Program (IGAP) reading test are intact pieces of literature, stories, and essays that match classroom reading assignments and typical student reading experiences. There are 15 testlets, each containing 5 items, associated with each passage. Each testlet requires students to demonstrate various levels of cognitive skills, from responding explicitly to drawing conclusions not directly stated, solving problems not discussed within the text, and using...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Grade 3,...
The Responsive Environment Program for Spanish American Children (REPSAC) is an educational intervention for 30 "high risk" bilingual children of ages 3, 4, and 5 in Clovis, New Mexico, and a similar group of children from Portales. Subjects were selected on the basis of various language handicaps, perceptual and motor problems, and educational deprivation. The program's objectives were to provide successful experiences for Spanish American children in the areas of language learning...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affective Behavior, Analysis of Covariance, Bilingual Students, Cognitive...
In most behavioral science research very little attention is ever given to the probability of committing a Type II error, i.e., the probability of failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Recent publications by Cohen have led to insight on this topic for the fixed-effects analysis of variance and covariance. This paper provides social scientists with some insight in dealing with Type II error, and optimum sample size and number of levels in the random-effects analysis of variance. (Author)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Behavioral Science Research, Error...
Before implementing a course in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) taught through multiple linear regression, several concerns must be addressed. Adequate computer facilities that are available to students on a low-cost or cost-free basis are necessary; also students must be able to meaningfully communicate with their major advisor regarding their statistical knowledge. The second concern implies some usage of traditional ANOVA terminology. Using a standard ANOVA topic such as the analysis of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Computer Assisted Instruction, Costs,...
The relationship between treatment levels and errors of estimate for a dependent variable in a behavioral science research experiment is typically evaluated by an analysis of covariance. The same relation can be expressed by part correlation. In non-experimental research with individual-difference variables, an assumption regarding independence, as required by analysis of covariance, would be appropriate in the non-experimental situation. (Author/MV)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Behavioral Science Research, Correlation, Experiments,...
Analysis strategies are discussed for the nonequivalent control group design when three models of continuous natural growth are known. For Model I type natural growth it was shown that the fan spread hypothesis always holds, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of Residualized Gain Scores, and ANOVA of Standardized Change Scores all are potentially correct analysis strategies. For Model II and Model III type natural growth it was shown that the fan spread hypothesis...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Mathematical Models, Pretests...
The research reported in this paper explores the syntactical and semantic link between computer programming statements and logical principles, and addresses the effects of learning a programming language on logical reasoning ability. Fifth grade students in a public school in Syracuse, New York, were randomly selected as subjects, and then randomly placed in either the experimental or the control group. The experimental group was taught LOGO, a programming language developed for use with young...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Gains, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Cognitive Processes,...
This paper discusses four criteria for selecting covariates when utilizing the analysis of covariance in quasiexperimental research: completeness, causation, independence, and fallibility. Completeness is the extent to which the known or suspected sources of bias are accounted for by covariates used in an experiment. Causation is the requirement that covariates used in nonrandom research designs are causally related to the dependent variable of a study. Independence is the requirement that...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Bias, Evaluation Criteria, Hypothesis Testing,...
This study examined the effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) in improving the mathematics achievement and academic self-confidence of black students in an Education Entrance Examination (EEE) seminar at a predominantly black college in South Carolina. Subjects were 49 students participating in the seminar, 43% black males and 47% black females. Students in the experimental group received 30 minutes of CAI in addition to EEE seminar instruction in mathematics given to both the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Analysis of Covariance, Black Students, Computer Assisted...
Canonical correlation analysis is a sophisticated multivariate technique that subsumes all parametric methods (the "t"-test, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, multivariate analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance, and discriminant analysis) as special cases. This bibliography lists 83 applications of canonical correlation analysis reported during the past decade. Forty-one of these analysis studies are conference papers or technical reports, and the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Comparative Analysis, Conference...
Although analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is used fairly infrequently in published research, the method is used much more frequently in dissertations and in evaluation research. This paper reviews the assumptions that must be met for ANCOVA to yield useful results, and argues that ANCOVA will yield distorted and inaccurate results when these assumptions are violated. For ANCOVA to provide meaningful statistical control and to not obscure or mislead, it must be ascertained that the data set...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Mathematical Models, Regression (Statistics), Research...
The effects of overall attendance at parent conferences on Title I student's standardized test scores were studied in the Dallas (Texas) Public Schools. Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVA's) were conducted to investigate the effect of overall attendance on students' standardized test scores, and Cohen's "f" statistics were used as an index of effect size. In the 1996-97 school year, three parent conferences (fall, winter, and spring) were scheduled. Data indicate the number of conferences...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Attendance, Compensatory Education, Effect Size, Elementary...
The performance of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and six selected competitors was examined under varying experimental conditions through Monte Carlo simulations. The six alternatives were: (1) Quade's procedure (D. Quade, 1967); (2) Puri and Sen's solution (M. Puri and P. Sen, 1969); (3) Burnett and Barr's rank difference scores (T. Burnett and D. Barr, 1977); (4) Conover and Iman's rank transformation test (W. Conover and R. Iman, 1982); (5) Hettmansperger's procedure (T. Hettmansperger,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Monte Carlo Methods, Robustness (Statistics), Sample Size,...
A study is to be undertaken to determine the conditions under which integration can optimally operate to ensure quality of education as reflected in student achievement. Several southern school systems experiencing gradients of desegregation and cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds will be selected. Classes included will be representative of a randomly assigned racial mix. Teachers will not be assigned randomly in a formal sense but will be those who would be normally assigned. Treatment of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Analysis of Covariance, Black Students, Desegregation Effects,...
Subjects for an investigation of the effects of training with a computer and past computer experience on the computerized aptitude test performance of college students were 92 undergraduates at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, who participated in a test study utilizing six Apple II+ microcomputers. The study was conducted to determine whether: (1) computerized test performance would be significantly enhanced and the concomitant anxiety level would be significantly lowered by...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Aptitude Tests, College Students, Computer Assisted Testing,...
An analysis-of-covariance methodology was used to investigate whether there were population differences between tryout and operational Rasch item b-values relative to differences between pairs of item response theory (IRT) b-values from consecutive operational item administrations. This methodology allowed the evaluation of whether any such differences could be attributed to differences in item position after controlling for the background effect of scale drift on b-values. Usable real or...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Certification, Comparative Testing, Item Response Theory,...
A study examined the effects of prediction training on the reading comprehension and written composition performance of fourth-grade students on the following reading and writing tasks: story recall, story generation, and number of relevant predictions. Subjects, 40 students attending two private urban elementary schools, were assigned to one of two treatment conditions (prediction training or rereading) and each group participated in three training sessions. Results showed that students who...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Grade 4, Intermediate Grades, Prediction, Private Schools,...
