The New Haven public schools affirmative action report contains statements of purpose, policy, and responsibility in conjunction with a plan of action to ensure that job applicants and employees receive fair consideration without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The goals and timetables established will rectify underutilization of minorities, and women and will be subject to periodic evaluation. (Author/DW)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Black Employment, Civil Rights, Elementary Secondary Education,...
A research project is described whose three major purposes were (1) to use data from the 1970 "Census of Population" to update, validate, and reinforce the findings of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) studies made for the Negro Employment in the South (NES) Project. (The scope of those studies covered seven major southern SMSA's--Atlanta, Birmingham, Houston, Louisville, Memphis, Miami, and New Orleans--and sought to determine and analyze the patterns of black...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Census Figures, Comparative Analysis, Educational Experience,...
This document contains the National Urban League's second annual "State of Black America", report which describes the condition of black citizens during the year 1976. The report examines developments in eleven major areas of life: the economy, employment, education, housing, health, social welfare, youth, crime, legislation, political involvement, and foreign policy. It also includes, for the first time, the results of a survey of Urban League affiliates from 107 cities across the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black Attitudes, Black Education, Black Employment, Black...
During the 1980s, the population of black women aged 16 years and older in the United States increased by 17.2%, and labor force participation for black women increased by 29%. In 1987, black women accounted for 50% of total black employment. The unemployment rate for black teenagers in 1990 was 30% (versus 10.8% for all black women). Labor force participation by black women increased from 53.1% in 1980 to 57.8% in 1990. Predictably, black women with more years of schooling have higher labor...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Educational Attainment, Employment Opportunities,...
This paper examines racism and discrimination against rural blacks, especially as these factors relate to poverty caused by unemployment and underemployment. While overt racism in the rural South and Appalachia was sharply reduced during the 1970s, statistical evidence indicates that related differences, such as the black-white "income gap," were not greatly affected. Historical, cultural, and non-market factors can be conceptualized as racism and discrimination and seen as...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Education, Black Employment, Black Population Trends, Employment Level,...
The study explored sex disparities in economic remuneration for gainful employment among black, blue collar wage earners residing in selected nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas of Texas. The bulk of the workers' families lived in or near poverty and were highly dependent on famale as well as male income. Preliminary analysis revealed that being female had a high negative correlation with their incomes earned in the 12 months preceding the survey. The 1970 nonmetropolitan data were collected...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Age, Black Employment, Blue Collar Occupations, Comparative Analysis, Educational...
This bibliography of books and articles is a preliminary survey of material written on poverty and the black community. Both early and the latest works through 1975 on poverty are included. Most of the books included in the bibliography are noted themselves to have bibliographies that could be consulted for additional references. Among the topics that are covered in this bibliography are the following: the economics of poverty, marriage and family life, the politics of poverty, racial...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bibliographies, Black Achievement, Black Community, Black Culture, Black Education,...
This paper presents evidence on the high unemployment rates for black youths and considers reasons for the widening gap in the labor market experience of black and white youth. The paper consists of five sections. In the first, historical evidence on the declining rate of black youth employment over the last 25 years is summarized. In the second section, an explanation is given for why the orthodox labor market theory cannot account for these declines. In the third, an alternative theory is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Black Youth, Employment Problems, Equal Opportunities (Jobs), Job...
A survey of recent literature was undertaken to locate validity studies of paper-and-pencil tests which met the following criteria: (1) Studies were conducted in a business or industrial (i.e. non-education, non-military) setting; (2) Separate statistics were available for blacks and whites; (3) Race was not confounded with some outside variable which would preclude meaningful interpretation; (4) Necessary data were reported to enable a test of homogeneity of regression between racial groups....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Aptitude Tests, Black Employment, Data, Employment Opportunities, Evaluation Methods,...
The Negro population in California increased sevenfold from 1940 to 1960 due principally to in-migration from other states. Settlement of immigrants occurred in urban areas. Educational attainment of Negroes in California is lower than that of white Californians reflecting social, economic, and educational restrictions. Employment statistics show a disproportionate number of Negroes employed in service industries and public administration. The unemployment rate for nonwhite men in California in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Black Education, Black Employment, Blacks, Employment Level,...
The major explanations for the narrowing in wage differentials between blacks and whites can be placed under four general categories: (1) more recent black cohorts begin their job experiences with larger initial stocks of human capital than previous cohorts; (2) the rural South to urban North migration has partly been superceded by Southern blacks moving to what are now economically vibrant Southern cities; (3) the effects of government affirmative action; and (4) changes in other aspects of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Black Education, Black Employment, Blacks, Cohort Analysis,...
This document is a summary of a doctoral thesis which was written to answer three questions. These are: (1) How important are personal characteristics of black workers in explaining the variance in their relative occupational standing among the private sectors of these cities? (2) How important are general characteristics of the cities and industries in which they work? and (3) What policies are most likely to improve the relative occupational standing of blacks employed in the private sector?...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Community, Black Employment, Blacks, Community Characteristics, Doctoral...
This institute was planned to assist public school counselors in their work with minority and deprived youth by providing information about employment conditions and opportunities in local geographical areas, by establishing regular communication lines between the schools and business and industry, and by furthering the counselors knowledge of the attitudes which these youth have towards employment, education, their place in society, and the world beyond their experience. To achieve these...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Career Guidance, Career Opportunities, Disadvantaged Youth,...
This bulletin examines the employment problems of workers in relation to their family and household economic status, as measured by their family income and poverty-nonpoverty status. The bulletin is based largely on data from the March 1982 Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census that relates to the year 1981. For each of the three problems defined (low earnings among year-round full-time workers, unemployment, and involuntary parttime employment), poverty was found to be related...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Black Employment, Blacks, Economic Change, Economic Status, Employment,...
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is not complying with Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) program requirements according to a report by the General Accounting Office (GAO). It found that although the overall ratio of blacks employed at SSA headquarters increased from 1982 to 1985, underrepresentation of blacks--especially black men--remains an issue in the SSA components and job series GAO reviewed. While black women are fully represented in most job series through the grade...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Bias, Black Employment, Change Strategies, Employment Practices,...
This study examines the relative earnings of black men from a time series perspective covering 1930 to 1990. Regression analyses were fitted to annual data to isolate factors responsible for changes in relative earnings. National and regional data on population growth and employment growth by industry were analyzed to determine the degree of spatial mismatch between jobs and workers. The following main conclusions are reported: (1) little evidence was found of a largescale upward trend in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Business Cycles, Differences, Economic Research, Employment...
Although calculated by various statistical methods, retention (in this monograph) refers to the time that a former hard core member stays on the job. These rates may be tallied from the first day of pre-vocational training at a center, from the first day of a plant's vestibule training, or the first day of work at the job site. The hard core need special assistance to get a job and to keep it. Special problems such as lack of transportation, financial roadblocks, legal entanglements,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Career Counseling, Counseling, Day Care Centers, Health Services,...
This study presents and tests an econometric model of job search behavior for youth. The main hypothesis is that differences in search behavior help account for youth-adult employment differences and that within the youth group, black-white unemployment and earnings differentials can be partially explained by job search behavior. Endogenous variables considered are cost of the search, the supply wage rate, the length of search, and the expected duration of work on the next job. Explanatory...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Behavior Patterns, Black Employment, Doctoral Dissertations, Economic Research,...
The report examines the multiplicity of factors which influence the labor market activity of the population and explores the implications of changes in those influential factors with regard to manpower and educational planning policy. The first section contains the introduction to the problem, summary of factors affecting labor force participation, and implications for manpower and occupational education planners. In the second section, the authors outline two alternative models of labor market...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Educational Planning, Employed Women, Employment Patterns, Entry...
The report, in assessing regional prospects for business and management and accounting graduates at all degree levels through the rest of the 1970's, arrives at several estimates. The estimated 52,000 degrees to be awarded in 1980 in the Southern region represents a 16 percent increase over the number awarded in 1972. Adjusting the figure to allow for those not entering the labor market immediately and those already in the labor market, new entrants are estimated at 41,000 in 1980. Demand was...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accountants, Black Employment, Business, College Graduates, Demand Occupations,...
This study examines the relationship between locus of control and subsequent unemployment experience for a national probability sample of teenagers. Using multiple regression analysis to control for a variety of individual differences, the influence of "internal-external" attitudes held as a teenager on subsequent unemployment experience in the adult labor market is determined. The internal attitude is defined as viewing personal success or failure as dependent on one's own behavior....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adolescents, Black Attitudes, Black Employment, Black Youth, Employee Attitudes,...
This study examines the relationship of the Black Man to the profession of engineering. Chapter I discusses the background of the study, its potential value, and the long-term outlook for Blacks in engineering. Chapter II briefly describes 2 earlier studies on this subject and the institutions from which data was obtained. Chapter III presents enrollment data of engineering colleges for 1969-70, and makes comparisons of enrollments over the period 1955-70. Comments of college administrators on...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Colleges, Black Employment, Black Students, Blacks, Employment Opportunities,...
This document--one of six closely related studies designed to consider employability of rural labor, the impact of industry, and social adjustments in the Mississippi Delta and the Ozarks--examines the socioeconomic factors affecting employment in industry of black Americans living in a rural area of the Mississippi Delta. Madison, Arkansas, the study community, is 25 miles west of Memphis, Tennessee, in St. Francis County. In 1970, Madison had 985 inhabitants, mainly blacks. Researchers...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Economic Factors, Economically Disadvantaged, Employment Problems,...
The major point of this address is that education for black Americans cannot be viewed apart from the political, economic, and social structures of American society. More attention must be devoted to understanding the exercise of political power, informed and accurate policy analysis, and the relationship of the worker to modern industry. Income factors, the economy, the character of work and of the work force are explored. It is proposed that thoughts about the type of training and education...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Businesses, Black Community, Black Education, Black Employment, Economic...
This document describes the work of a teacher training institute sponsored by the Kent State Pan-African Studies Department and the Council of Independent Black Institutions and held at Kent State University on July 7-18, 1986. The underlying concept was that a new generation of African-American youth must be developed. These young people must be capable of decision-making that will positively affect family, community, nation, and world. The participants were trained to see education as a human...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Education, Black Employment, Blacks, Child Development, Elementary Secondary...
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights prepared this report on the extent of equal employment opportunity for minority group members in State and local government pursuant to Public Law 85-315. 628 jurisdictions in seven Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas were surveyed since they contain substantial and varied minority group populations, are diversified in character, and are scattered throughout the Nation. All levels of State and local government were covered except part-time employment and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Chinese Americans, City Government, Civil Rights, County Officials,...
This study documents the racial attitudes and desires of middle class Negroes in greater New York City area, and explores integration versus separatism preference in the areas of schools, employment, housing, and social relationships. Middle socioeconomic status adults aged 30-55 and comprising samples of 100 each in the Bronx and Harlem were interviewed; most respondents were born in the South but had been living in New York for many years. The groups were somewhat different demographically,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Education, Black Employment, Black Housing, Civil Rights,...
The research reported in this paper is concerned with: the continued shrinkage of the area commonly known as the Southern black belt -- counties in the old South having a major proportion of their populations consisting of Negroes -- up until 1970; the recent role migration has played in black population loss; and the probable effects of lengthy and heavy out-migration on characteristics of the black population remaining behind. When the combined effects of history and demographic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Census Figures, Comparative Analysis, Demography,...
An enormous body of literature illuminates various facets of the relationship between education and employment. Views of the proper role of education have ranged from cultural transmission to societal transformation and individual development, to the current belief that it prepares for transition to adulthood, i.e., the movement from school to work. The majority of research on the education-work relationship has used the status-attainment model to demonstrate that educational level is strongly...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Basic Skills, Black Employment, Education Work Relationship, Educational Benefits,...
This speech emphasizes a relatively new and important function of the university-equalizing educational opportunity. The need for education and its potential as human capital are examined in light of the rapid educational advancement. Universities must face this advancement and meet the needs of society. A review of Negro development reaffirms the need for equalization of educational opportunity. The opening of educational opportunity is seen as an effort to create human capital. Human capital...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Black Students, Economic Development, Educational Needs, Employment...
The Negro male college student's social class, achievement motivations, affiliation motivations (the desire for approval of others), and power motivations (the desire to control the behavior of others) all affect to some degree his choice of a traditionally open occupation (physician, lawyer, dentist, minister, social worker, teacher) or an occupation traditionally closed to Negroes (nuclear physicist, psychologist, airline pilot, engineer). To test the relationship of each of these factors to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Need, Aspiration, Black Attitudes, Black Employment, Black Students,...
In their annual employment reports of 1972, the 609 commercial television stations included in this study reported that 10 percent of their 39,071 full time employees were drawn from members of minority groups, a slight increase from the nine percent reported in 1971. The proportion of women employees (22 percent) did not change between 1971 and 1972. At the same time employment at the 609 stations rose by about one percent. In 1972, 22.5 percent of the stations reported no full time minority...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Broadcast Industry, Commercial Television, Employed Women,...
Growth or decline in the labor force can be viewed as stemming from changes in population and labor force participation, and from their interaction. In the period 1940-70 a large increase occurred in the female labor force, particularly in the South, while a decrease was noted in the participation of nonwhites. When the sexes are considered separately within the color groups, the highest increase in labor force participation was that for white females, a lower increase was observed for nonwhite...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Black Influences, Employment Level, Employment Patterns, Females,...
The hard-to-employ, both urban and rural, share common characteristics of inadequate income, slum housing, inferior education, no medical attention, and lack of real job opportunities. The deficiencies dove-tail, and families are often afflicted with all. The picture may seem bleak, but there is optimism in reclamation of the so-called disadvantaged for both social and economic reasons. This group does present an unrealized manpower source that may reach fruition through special training and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Disadvantaged, Disadvantaged Youth, Educationally Disadvantaged,...
The papers in this volume deal with the causes, cures, and magnitude of unemployment. Musgrave, Killingsworth, and Okun discuss the opposing structuralist and deficient demand theories of unemployment. Garth Mangum, Curtis Allen, William Caples and Alice Rivlin offer their experience concerning the role of government and industry in curing unemployment, through both vocational training programs, and increased public expenditures to increase aggregate demand. William Bown and Paul Jacobs present...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Vocational Education, Black Employment, Disadvantaged, Federal Programs, Job...
This pamphlet is the first in a series designed to provide a compilation of selected demographic, social, economic, and other statistical data relating to selected populations. Topics covered here (in both discussion and table/graph format) include Black population growth and distribution, residence, income gain, poverty rate increase, labor force participation, occupational distribution, representation in selected occupations, occupational differences, farm population declines, school...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Black Family, Black Population Trends, Census Figures, Educational...
This study presents data from the 1979 Income Survey Development Program (ISDP) on lifetime work interruptions and examines the relationship between work interruptions and earnings. Descriptive data showing the extent to which men and women have experienced work interruptions are presented, followed by an analysis of the impact of work interruptions on earnings. The tables in the report show the proportion of persons with work interruptions and the proportion of potential work years spent away...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Black Employment, Blacks, Education Work Relationship, Employed Women,...
Hispanics in the U.S. labor force are the subject of the studies in this volume. After an introduction by George J. Borjas and Marta Tienda, the first three papers focus on the same issue: the determination of wage rates for Hispanics and comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic wage rates. Cordelia Reimers compares the situation for Black, White, and Hispanic males; John Abowd and Mark Killingsworth examine the situation in the Federal and non-Federal sectors; and Steven Myers and Randall King...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Birth Rate, Black Employment, Comparative Analysis, Dropouts, Educational Attainment,...
This document presents the following monthly statistical data for the population of United States: (1) employment status; (2) characteristics of the unemployed; (3) characteristics of the employed and their job categories; (4) seasonally adjusted employment and unemployment; (5) national employment; (6) employment in states and areas; (7) national average hours worked and earnings; (8) hours and earnings in states and areas; (9) productivity data; and (10) state and area labor force. Among the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Employment Level, Employment Patterns, Employment Statistics,...
Recognizing that the economic well-being of older black females is associated with current employment as well as previous work history, this study attempts to determine the extent to which health status influences workforce participation or non-participation by older females, and to ascertain if there are significant differences by race. The study also seeks to identify the relative importance of health, socio-demographic, and economic factors in predicting the employment status of older black...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Economic Status, Economically Disadvantaged, Employment...
This is a report prepared by the Illinois Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. It deals with how local, state and federal officials, as well as private individuals and groups, have dealt with Cairo, Illinois' racial and economic problems. The areas addressed are employment, housing, health, and law enforcement. It has been found that the impact of civil rights legislation has still not reached Cairo after nearly a decade. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Agency Role, Black Education, Black Employment, Black Housing, Black Influences,...
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of enforcement of Title VII to determine whether and to what extent it has helped to achieve the elimination of employment discrimination. The model developed in this paper is considered to depart from those of previous Title VII studies in two ways. First, it incorporates the effects of the law's enforcement on nonrespondent covered firms in addition to the effects on respondent firms. Second, it analyzes separately the effects of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Civil Rights, Discriminatory Legislation, Economic Factors,...
Of 12,429 persons employed by New York City dailies, only 3.7 percent are Negroes and only 2.5 percent are of Puerto Rican or other Latin American background. In magazine and broadcasting firms in New York State employing 50 or more persons, only 5 percent are Negroes and six firms employ no Negroes, while no Spanish-Americans, Asians or American Indians are employed by any upstate company. Committee recommendations are made in the areas of recruitment and placement, education and training,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Advisory Committees, Black Employment, Business Responsibility, Employment,...
This analysis of income changes is based on retrospective life history data collected from white and black men, 30-39 years old in 1968. Educational level is shown to be the most important determinant of initial income for both blacks and whites, but the relationship is weaker for whites than for blacks. Ten years later, education shows a stronger relation to growth in income for whites than for blacks. The differential impact of levels of education and other background resources on initial...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Black Employment, Blacks, Career Choice, Career Opportunities,...
This book focuses on discrimination in employment, defined as the denial of equal opportunity in the labor market to qualified persons on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, age, sex, or any other factor not related to their individual qualifications for work. The average nonwhite college graduate can expect to earn less during his lifetime than the white who has never gone beyond elementary school. Traditional patterns of discrimination have caused counselors and parents to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Role, Black Employment, Civil Rights Legislation, Community...
This report contains the National Urban League's statistics on the state of black America. The areas addressed are: the economy, employment, housing, health, education, legislation, crime, and social welfare. By any of the accepted indicators of progress-employment, housing, education, etc.--many of the gains blacks made over the past decade were either wiped out or badly eroded in 1975, and the portents for the future are not encouraging. The report is replete with facts that support the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Community, Black Education, Black Employment, Black Housing, Black Influences,...
Focusing on the factors inhibiting the labor market's adjustment to economic change, the study examined the economic and social problems facing southern rural areas and populations, including Chicanos and migrants. Factors were in the areas of the labor market behavior, income and earnings, poverty, welfare system and welfare reform, manpower development and training, economic development, and the community's social and political environments. Data were derived from: an extensive survey of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Agriculture, Black Employment, Economic Development, Economic Research, Economically...
Analyzing the history of the "Oklahoma Eagle" provides insight into the problems and the opportunities involved in operating a black newspaper and reveals the factors responsible for the paper's longevity. The paper has been owned and operated by members of the Edward Lawrence Goodwin family since 1938 and has been staffed by excellent journalists over the course of the years. A review of copies of the "Eagle" from the last 9 years reveals a number of consistencies. The...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Businesses, Black Employment, Journalism, Newspapers, Publications, Publishing...
BASED UPON AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF SOCIAL ASSETS AND DEFICITS, A NUMBER OF THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS ARE SUGGESTED FOR RESEARCH TO DETERMINE HOW NEGROES MAY ATTAIN POWER OR PERSONAL OPPORTUNITY AND STATUS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY EQUIVALENT TO THAT ENJOYED BY THE WHITE MAJORITY. PRIMARY DEFICITS HELD BY NEGROES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY INCLUDE LIMITATION OF SOCIAL ACTION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SKIN COLOR, RELATIVELY LOW ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER, COMPARATIVELY LOW FAMILY AND COMMUNITY COHESION, AND THE...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Civil Rights Legislation, Disadvantaged, Economic Factors,...
This paper examines a body of literature on the subject of black occupational standing in communities with different characteristics, and argues on behalf of the importance of including contextual variables -- attributes of the community and industry in which an individual is embedded -- in models of the status attainment process. In the first section, a model of how various community characteristics influence the occupational standing of black males is constructed. The second section varies...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Blacks, Community Characteristics, Conceptual Schemes, Economic...
