This paper examines the role of athletics at most colleges and universities, but in particular at the historically black colleges and universities. The paper notes the power of athletic events to bring together the nation and even the globe and the leading role of the athletic community internationally and athletes individually in taking stands against South Africa or effecting changes in social and racial relations. The paper points out the influence of black achievements in sports on the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black Colleges, Black Community, Black History, Black Influences,...
This bibliography, intended for teachers of grades 7 and 8, presents 52 annotated literature sources and lists an additional 49 non-annotated sources by and about black Americans. The entries can be used to supplement assigned literature anthologies. Themes or catagories offered (with representations from various genres) are (1) "Black Pioneers and Leaders Worth Knowing," (2) "Who Am I?" (3) "Sports and Adventures," (4) "Shades of Humor," (5) "Black...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Annotated Bibliographies, Athletics, Black Achievement, Black Culture, Black History,...
A study was made to explore and to assess the understanding and perceptions of communications technology held by the lay black community and black professional educators and to examine the implications of their perceptions and understanding for social policy. The methodological approach consisted of a: (1) black educational historiography; (2) review of the literature; (3) analysis of the proceedings and reports of national, regional and local conferences on the needs and directions of black...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Community, Black Education, Black Leadership, Black Studies,...
Findings of a study that evaluated a five-state minority leadership program, the Southeastern Minority Trainer of Trainers Program, are presented in this paper. The Minority Leadership Development workshops were conducted from July 1991 to January 1992 in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The project goals were to facilitate leadership development among a predominantly African-American population in the region and to determine effective methods for leadership training. A...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Blacks, Elementary Secondary Education, Factor Analysis, Leadership...
This resource guide was developed to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday by providing school personnel with background information and hands-on activities for use with students in Grades K-12. The activities in the guide can be implemented throughout the school year to help students become aware of the social, economic, and political climate during the civil rights movement and to appreciate Dr. King's role as a proponent of civil rights for all people. Following a brief...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black History, Black Leadership, Civil Rights, Class Activities, Elementary Secondary...
This document contains the National Urban League's second annual "State of Black America", report which describes the condition of black citizens during the year 1976. The report examines developments in eleven major areas of life: the economy, employment, education, housing, health, social welfare, youth, crime, legislation, political involvement, and foreign policy. It also includes, for the first time, the results of a survey of Urban League affiliates from 107 cities across the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black Attitudes, Black Education, Black Employment, Black...
This paper provides a rhetorical analysis of a protest action, namely, the mobilization and action of black citizens in Seattle, Washington, in reaction to the 1965 shooting of a black man (Robert L. Reese) by a local police officer. A description of actions during this time, as reported by two Seattle newspapers, is provided. An extrinsic examination of the situation probes the rhetorical problem of police brutality and explains the formation of the Freedom Patrols, nonviolent groups of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Activism, Black Leadership, Black Organizations, Civil Disobedience, Demonstrations...
The unique approach of the African American Leadership Institute (AALI) to increasing the well-being of the African American community is described. The AALI was founded in 1990 by Metropolitan State College of Denver (Colorado) and the Urban League of Denver in the belief that all members of society should have an equal opportunity to pursue their goals and aspirations. To date, the AALI has graduated 85 people from its program, which consists of once-a-month seminars from October through...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Blacks, Community Development, Community Leaders, Corporate...
Intended primarily for use as a research guide, this paper surveys and analyzes the extant social science research on black leadership in America. The focus of the study is divided between the old "Negro" leadership literature (1930-66) and the new "Black" leadership literature (1966-82), and factors affecting the transformation in the 1960s from "Negro" to "Black" leadership are specified and analyzed. The survey is organized around the following major...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Activism, Black History, Black Leadership, Black Organizations, Black Power, Church...
Presented are the stories of 12 notable black scientists and inventors. Each individual was selected for scientific and inventive excellence with the added accounts of their excellence as citizens, family men, and humanitarians. (Author/RE)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Education, Black Employment, Black History, Black Influences, Black Leadership,...
IN 1966-1967, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY'S SCHOOL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION CONDUCTED DISCUSSION GROUPS IN HARLEM IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CONSUMER AND EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS, AND NEGRO HISTORY, TO TEST THE FEASIBILITY OF EXTENDING UNIVERSITY INFORMAL ADULT EDUCATION INTO THE POVERTY AREAS OF NEW YORK. THE INSTRUCTORS (FOUR NEGROES AND TWO WHITES, ALL WITH ADVANCED DEGREES) WERE AIDED BY SIX INSTRUCTIONAL ASSISTANTS, INDIGENOUS PERSONNEL WHO RECRUITED PARTICIPANTS THROUGH PERSONAL CONTACT. SEMINAR...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Adult Programs, Black History, Black Leadership, Black Teachers,...
This book presents an analysis of black leadership from three perspectives: theoretical, historical, and empirical. After deducing the situational-interactional approach as a useful framework, the authors analyze black leadership from 1841 to the present. This period is divided into six time periods, and black leadership and the strategies used by the leaders are analyzed within the context of different racial climates. Three empirical studies of black leadership using different situational...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black History, Black Influences, Black Leadership, Blacks, Leadership Qualities,...
This study investigates the role expectations of the urban black principal as perceived by the principal himself, and by significant other blacks, both educators and non-educators. It is hypothesized that: (1) black principals are more apt to be employed in schools with a predominantly black student body rather than a school with a predominantly white student body; (2) significant other black administrators will have a higher expectation of black principals than the black principal may have of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Role, Black Community, Black Influences, Black Leadership, Black...
Despite current emphasis on racial problems, few books present honestly the Negro experience in the United States. Adolescents' and children's books portraying Negroes in realistic situations have increased over the past two decades, but they comprise only 1% of the total output of books for young people. Textbooks that include Negroes or Negro culture are few. In recent years, some attempt has been made to integrate reading primers, but most history texts are still "disappointingly full...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black Attitudes, Black Community, Black Culture, Black Education,...
The theme of the TACTICS (Technical Assistance Consortium to Improve College Services) conference "Developing the Black Community to Save Black Colleges" was most appropriate, since the consciousness of the nation is presently being awakened to the plight of black collges, especially the public institutions. The conference dealt with how the black community and its intellectual component-the black institution of higher learning-can should, and must become partners in pressing for...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Education, Black Institutions, Black Leadership, Blacks, Conference Reports,...
A study assessed the professional and educational status of the day care and Head Start personnel employed in South Carolina Health and Human Service Finance Commission early childhood programs. A total of 1,200 leadership surveys were mailed to employees of state day care and Head Start programs; 277 completed surveys were returned. The survey found that 74.7 percent of the respondents were black, and that 3.6 percent were male. A total of 59.6 percent had not completed post-high school...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Black Teachers, Continuing Education, Day Care, Early Childhood...
The Booker T. Washington National Monument preserves and protects the birth site and childhood home of Booker T. Washington while interpreting his life experiences and significance in U.S. history as the most powerful African American between 1895 and 1915. The programs and activities included in this guide about the Booker T. Washington and W. E. B Du Bois are designed to meet the curriculum requirements specified in the Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools. This curriculum unit...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black History, Black Leadership, Blacks, Curriculum Enrichment,...
This bibliography, a Title 3 ESEA product, was prepared to meet "the need for an overview of existing materials in the area of Negro heritage and culture." The first section is a bibliography of 36 current bibliographies of Negro history and culture. The second section lists five curriculum guides which contain additional references. The last section lists 22 periodicals, with addresses and subscription rates, and includes scholarly items as well as some for young readers. (LH)
Topics: ERIC Archive, African History, Bibliographies, Black Achievement, Black Community, Black Culture,...
The influx of Caribbean West Indian immigrants into the United States has evoked mixed responses from the Afro American black community. The West Indians' high degree of literacy, sense of community, and high self esteem have developed black leaders who have earned the respect of enlightened Afro Americans through their achievements in education, politics, and black rights activism. On the other hand, there has been a notable hostility in relations between West Indians and Afro Americans in the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Activism, Black Attitudes, Black Leadership, Blacks, Cultural Differences, Ethnic...
The power of Black women is discussed in terms of their progress in society so far, their current predicaments, and possibilities for the future. The progress of Black women is seen in their survival, the greater numbers of Black women in nontraditional roles, and the competence and qualities with which they perform in those roles. Four predicaments are seen in the current situation for Black women: (1) Black female-headed households live in poverty not because they are headed by females, but...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Black Family, Black History, Black Leadership, Blacks, Equal...
This illustrated activity for primary students features the life and accomplishments of Booker T. Washington. This educator began his life as a plantation slave and later founded Tuskegee Institute, one of the first colleges that African Americans could attend. The activity tells how Booker T. Washington and his students built the Tuskegee Institute. It also recounts the story of Washington's family's life. After they were freed from slavery they walked from the plantation to West Virginia,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Standards, Black Achievement, Black Colleges, Black History, Black...
This paper first presents a historical perspective of the disadvantaged minority, using black people as an example. The following section presents a clinical perspective of the psycho-social characteristics of this group. These characteristics are laden with some accuracies and many fallacies: (1) the fallacy of wisdom belonging to whites; (2) the belief that ability will be rewarded with success, while the disadvantaged are concerned with survival; (3) the fallacy of white beauty; (4) the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Community, Black Culture, Black Leadership, Black Organizations, Civil Rights,...
Materials for celebrating Black History Month (February, 1985) in elementary and secondary schools are included in this handbook. A chronology of notable African Americans is presented and then followed by seven sections of curriculum materials on blacks in these areas: general achievements; business; religion; politics; music; math and science; and education. Each section consists of an overview (to be used as a handout or for in-class reading); a statement of the objectives for each unit of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black History, Black Influences, Black Leadership, Class...
The content of four black newspapers was analyzed to determine how they covered the "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" case, in which the Supreme Court ruled against rigid race quota programs such as the one that had prevented Allan Bakke, a white man, from being admitted to medical school. Each issue of the four newspapers--the New York "Amsterdam News," the "Los Angeles Sentinel," the "Atlanta Daily World," and the "Chicago...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Leadership, Content Analysis, Editorials, Journalism, Media...
THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEGRO SCHOOL BOYCOTTS FROM 1897 TO 1925 IN ALTON, ILL., EAST ORANGE, N.J., AND SPRINGFIELD AND DAYTON, OHIO, WHERE ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO INTRODUCE RACIALLY SEPARATE SCHOOLS. THE REVIEW DESCRIBES THE PROTEST MOVEMENT AND THE VICISSITUDES OF THE INTEGRATION ATTEMPTS IN EACH CITY. ALL THE NEGRO PROTEST MOVEMENTS WERE CONSERVATIVE ATTEMPTS TO PRESERVE EXISTING INTEGRATED EDUCATION AS SANCTIONED BY LAW. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH IN THE TWO STATES WHERE THE ISSUE...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Blacks, Board of Education Role, Community Action, Desegregation...
This paper examines the concept of human completion, as applied to both the African and the Afro-American experience, and how the search for completion by the individual influences the collective society. The theoretical concepts of Paulo Freire and Albert Memmi are applied to both groups. Both groups have been denied equal opportunity for education and self-realization. Voting has been used as a means to achieve social and educational goals but has been ineffective when it was not combined...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, African Culture, African History, Black Education, Black...
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The Freedom Socialist is a bi-monthly newspaper with news and analysis from around the globe. It also features book reviews, irreverent political cartoons, movement news and letters-to-the-editor.
Topics: socialism, labor, religious liberty, bigotry, horizontalism, occupy, puerto rico, debt, capitalism,...
In his introduction to this bibliography--which is organized into sections dealing with selected general reference works, selected black periodicals, and books--the compiler notes that this work is appropriate because a distinction should be made between the religion of Blacks in the North and the religion of Blacks in the South. There is also a difference between the early religious experiences of Blacks during the slave days and those Blacks living in the North during the same period. Many of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bibliographies, Black Culture, Black History, Black Institutions, Black Leadership,...
Paul Robeson was an athlete-scholar-concert artist-actor who was also an activist for civil and human rights. The son of a former slave, he was born and raised during segregation, lynching, and open racism. Robeson was one of the top performers of his time, earning more money than many white entertainers. His travels overseas opened his awareness to the universality of human suffering and oppression. His outspokenness and pro-Soviet stance made him a target of militant anti-communists. In 1950...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Activism, Black Leadership, Case Studies, Citizenship, Civil Liberties, Civil Rights,...
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES INNER-CITY EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CIVIL RIGHTS, NEGRO OPPORTUNITY, AND NEGRO CITIZENSHIP. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT NEGROES ARE NOT AFFORDED AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN AN OPEN SOCIETY, AND THAT AS A RESULT THE NEGRO'S EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS ARE THWARTED. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF DEPRIVATION UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEGRO CHILD ARE DISCUSSED. ALSO NOTED ARE SOME OF THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES INITIATED BY NEGRO COMMUNITY LEADERS AND THE ATTITUDES OF...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Black Students, Blacks, Civil Rights, Cognitive Development,...
Many college and university programs in African and Afro-American Studies have emphasized only the history, arts and culture of the peoples of African descent. The Life Science Project of the Six Institutions' Consortium was therefore a unique departure from all extant programs in African and Afro-American Studies. Its focus featured research into the activities of black scientists, dead and living, that have yielded considerable impact on the life sciences and society. An invitational...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Biological Sciences, Black History, Black Leadership, Black Studies, Blacks, Higher...
Black newspapers, like the "Chicago Defender,""The Pittsburgh Courier," and the "Baltimore Afro-American," opened the eyes of Americans to the injustices suffered at home as well as in the armed services. The black press attacked the Navy for its Jim Crowism because when World War II began, the only black sailors were messmen. It attacked the Red Cross for segregating blood by the donor's race. The black war correspondents during World War II had extra problems,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Community, Black Leadership, Blacks, Communication (Thought...
Phase I of a three-phase project to produce a film that would effect self-concept in minority children was concerned with the effect of an existing film, "Frederick Douglass," starring a black hero. Questionnaires were sent the 205 purchasers of the film; response indicated that there is considerable doubt that the target audience (black youth) is being reached in any substantial way. Of 138 teachers who were sent questionnaires, only 37 responded; of these, only 10 used the film for...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Audiences, Black Achievement, Black Attitudes, Black History, Black Influences, Black...
This guide is intended for use as part of a cross-cultural, multi-ethnic approach to curriculum in the elementary school. It is hoped that this approach will enable teachers to guide pupils in developing a better understanding of the impact of black contributions on the total American culture. The guide attempts to support such efforts by: 1) introducing black people who have made contributions to the American way of life; 2) identifying the cultural significance of their contributions or...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American Culture, American History, Bibliographies, Biographies, Black Achievement,...
This booklet comprises a compendium of reviews of the following American-history texts on the junior-high school, senior-high school, or junior-senior-high school levels: (1) "Perspectives in United States History," Hovenier, et al.; (2) "Quest for Liberty," Chapin, et al.; (3) "Rise of the American Nation," Todd, et al.; (4) "The People Make a Nation," Sandler, et al.; (5) "A People and a Nation," Hofstadter and Ver Steeg; (6) "The...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Culture, Black History, Black Influences, Black Institutions, Black Leadership,...
In 1982, the first national conference was held to address the issues facing black administrators in predominantly white postsecondary institutions. This volume contains the conference's keynote addresses as well as the nearly 50 individual papers presented. The papers are divided into the following topical areas: (1) economic retrenchment, Federal cutbacks, and their impact on programs affecting black people; (2) the difficulties experienced by black administrators who must meet simultaneous...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Role, Administrators, Black Leadership, Blacks, College Administration,...
This booklet provides a brief descriptive listing of programs and services, and materials and resources for black and Puerto Rican studies available at present, to be available in 1970-71, and in the planning stage. The services described are those of research, advisory, consulting, funding, and supportive categories. Part of the research services listing is that of documents in the ERIC system relating to compensatory education for disadvantaged groups. For programs in art, theater, dance,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, African History, Art Education, Audiovisual Aids, Black Leadership, Black Literature,...
This collection of abstracts is part of a continuing series providing information on recent doctoral dissertations. The 25 titles deal with a variety of topics, including the following: the nature of creativity in advertising communication; speech communication difficulties of international professors; rhetorical arguments regarding the restriction of immigration; structure and function of the boast in Anglo-Saxon rhetoric; paralinguistic cues in crisis communication; communication in the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Advertising, Androgyny, Annotated Bibliographies, Attitude Change, Black Leadership,...
Charlotte Hawkins Brown, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Nannie Helen Burroughs were women with a mission. It was a mission that combined educational, social, and economic goals. Although different in their tactics and in their educational programs, these women, who founded schools in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were united in their belief that black women had to assume the initiative in educating themselves and their people. Knowing the harsh realities that blacks, especially women,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Achievement, Black Education, Black Institutions, Black Leadership, Black...
TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF INFERIOR EDUCATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT WHICH MAKES MANY NEGROES MEMBERS OF A DISADVANTAGED CLASS, GOOD EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY EDUCATION AND JOB TRAINING FOR ADULTS. HUMAN RELATIONS COMMISSIONS, SCHOOL SYSTEMS, NEGRO LEADERS, AND COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMS HAVE USUALLY FAILED TO PROVIDE PROGRAMS TO UPGRADE THE NEGRO LABOR FORCE. YET JOB TRAINING HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS--WHEN BASED IN THE COMMUNITY AND RESULTING FROM NEGRO PRESSURE AND...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Adult Programs, Black Leadership, Blacks, Business, Community...
This performance guide is designed for teachers to use with students before and after a performance of "To Be Young, Gifted, and Black." The guide, called a "Cuesheet," contains seven activity sheets for use in class, addressing: (1) To Be Young, Gifted, and Black (a theatrical collage based upon the life and work of the African-American playwright Lorraine Hansberry, featuring scenes from her most famous plays, as well as excerpts from her speeches and letters); (2)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Audiences, Black Culture, Black History, Black Leadership, Class Activities, Cultural...
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and she was arrested. On that day, Rosa Parks became the mother of the modern civil rights movement. This study guide may be used as a companion to "The Rosa Parks Story" video which aired on CBS television February 24, 2002. It is intended for students in grades 9-12. The guide presents a synopsis of Rosa Parks's life and the events surrounding her...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black History, Black Leadership, Civil Rights, Critical Viewing, Discussion (Teaching...
TO DETERMINE THE ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND OPINIONS OF SOUTHERN NEGRO YOUTH, A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS DISTRIBUTED TO 688 STUDENTS FROM FIVE ALL-NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA. RESPONDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT SHOWED CONSIDERABLE DISSATISFACTION. TWO-THIRDS OF THE LISTED NEIGHBORHOOD FACILITIES AND SERVICES WERE NEGATIVELY EVALUATED BY AT LEAST 34 PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS. MOST POSITIVELY EVALUATED WERE ITEMS RELATED MOST CLOSELY TO PERSONAL ENVIRONMENT. ELEVEN OUT OF 14 ASPECTS OF...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Aspiration, Bibliographies, Black Attitudes, Black Leadership, Black Youth, Civil...
The pre-emancipation (1830-1865) black woman reformer was concerned with race "uplift," a sense of duty and obligation to her race. Black women in the North formed mutual aid societies for the economic survival of the destitute. Regardless of economic status, free blacks consistently sought to aid slaves in the South; the poor often saved for years to purchase their relatives. Some black women, Harriet Tubman, for example, worked toward helping slaves escape to the North. While both...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Education, Black Employment, Black History, Black Leadership,...
Self-consciously activist education has a long history among African-Americans; however, it is one of the least well-understood aspects of African American struggle. This paper addresses one chapter in that history, the Freedom Schools that operated in Mississippi during the summer of 1964 and for a while thereafter. The schools were the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of the civil-rights...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Leadership, Black Power, Civil Rights, Cultural Awareness, Educational...
This handbook is designed by teachers for teachers to share ideas and activities for celebrating the Martin Luther King holiday, as well as to teach students about other famous black leaders throughout the school year. The lesson plans and activities are presented for use in K-12 classrooms. Each lesson plan has a designated subject area, goals, behavioral objectives, materials and resources, suggested activities, and an evaluation. Many plans include student-related materials such as puzzles,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Art Activities, Black Achievement, Black Leadership, Class Activities, Curriculum...
Since ethnic studies in schools is an integral part of the larger social system in this country, its current status, problems and strengths must be examined within the total social context. Ruling groups determine the formulation and dissemination of knowledge (particularly negative social science research about ethnic groups and the poor). This knowledge is designed to support the status quo, and to legitimize the position of those in power. Ethnic studies programs must be replanned and novel...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American Culture, Black Education, Black Leadership, Educational Objectives,...
Information and guidelines are presented in this report on the Black Advisory Committee (BAC) at Valencia Community College, which was created to monitor and assess the progress made by the college in increasing the enrollment and meeting the needs of black students. The preface outlines the history of the BAC's creation, the needs that the committee was designed to address, and its current role as a sounding board for matters pertaining to minority students. Next, guidelines for the BAC...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Advisory Committees, Affirmative Action, Black Leadership, Black Students, Black...
There are several statements that may be made concerning the black administrator in higher education today: (1) the black administrator is important not only to black colleges but to white institutions as well, and his role will be especially critical in the next 10 years or so; (2) the supply of black administrators is extremely limited because of the historic lack of opportunity for both training and placement; and (3) the black administrator must possess skills to cope with not only the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Education, Administrators, Black Colleges, Black Education, Black...
The focus of this paper is on the Piedmont and Tidewater regions of the American South. Traditional social patterns tend to be used as models as long as they serve the community's purposes. In the community of slave and planter in ante-bellum Tidewater Southern U.S.A., a group of privileged blacks known generally as house servants came to function as links between the planters and the majority of slaves. Having their status and privilege defined only by white whim and favor, and behaving...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Anthropology, Black Community, Black History, Black Institutions,...
