In June 2002 the U.S. Secretary of Education established the Secretary's Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. The purpose of the 15-member Commission was to collect information, analyze issues, and obtain broad public input directed at improving the application of current federal standards for measuring equal opportunity for men and women and boys and girls to participate in athletics under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The Commission held six public meetings to address the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Athletics, Equal Education, Equal Facilities, Higher Education, Law...
A pilot program at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), called the Twenty-First Century Citizen Scholars, explores and evaluates the pedagogy of computer conferencing in writing-across-the-curriculum and makes sure of equal access by students. The purpose of the project is to build intellectual coherence, reduce conflict in students' roles as they balance the demands of family, work, and studies, and create a community for urban commuters by using computer...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Networks, Equal Facilities, Higher Education, Instructional Innovation,...
This paper outlines some of the issues related to equal opportunity for women in sports, gives examples of some situations that might have to be reassessed, and discusses some of the alternatives that are being proposed. Emphasis is placed on: the educational value of sport; attitudes toward women in sport; the legal mandate for equality for women in noncompetitive programs; what constitutes equality for women, in competitive athletics; single sex teams vs. mixed teams in competitive athletics;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletic Equipment, Athletics, Educational Finance, Equal Education, Equal...
This speech by the Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice describes the Reagan Administration's enforcement of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and other federal statutes protecting the rights of disabled people in America. The Supreme Court case of "Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Darrone," in which the government took the position that section 504 forbids employment discrimination in all federally assisted programs, plus its role...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accessibility (for Disabled), Civil Rights, Disabilities, Disability Discrimination,...
One reaction to Title IX's basic requirement for equal opportunity for physical activity and sports, regardless of sex, was the widespread reevaluation of separate programs in physical education, intramurals, and athletics. To insure that all individuals would have equal opportunity in a given physical activity program, many administrators ordered that the separate programs for men and women initiate merger plans. The Iowa State University Physical Education Departments were merged in fall 1974...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletic Equipment, Athletics, Coeducation, Equal Education, Equal Facilities,...
The paper examined: (1) the relationship between research into municipal services equalization and current explanations of internal colonialism, and (2) some aspects of the dynamic of racial exclusion and inequality in San Antonio, Texas. Data were obtained from research reviews, census figures, and city, county, and State sources. Characteristics of the internal colonial explanation discussed were electoral and administrative exclusion of Chicanos, a lack of any meaningful self-government in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Colonialism, Community Services, Equal Facilities, Literature Reviews, Mexican...
This paper addresses girls' patterns of computer avoidance at the middle school and other grade levels. It reviews the evidence for a gender gap in computer use in several areas: in school, at home, in computer camps, in computer magazines, and in computer-related jobs. It compares the computer equity issue to math avoidance, and cites the middle school years as a time when these become evident. Also provided is a description of the work of the federally-funded Computer Equity Training Project,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Literacy, Computers, Equal Education, Equal Facilities, Federal Programs,...
Findings of a study that determined the physical conditions of Minnesota's public school buildings 50 years and older are presented in this report. Data were obtained from a survey that was distributed to 367 school districts that have 614 buildings 50 years and older. Responses were received from 398 buildings in 242 school districts. Findings indicate that buildings 50 years and older are in general usage statewide and that they present multiple inadequacies in applicable codes and standards...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Facilities, Educational Facilities Design, Educational Facilities...
Equitable distribution of computer resources is an important concern for school administrators. Computer equity consists of three dimensions: access, participation, and benefits. Access is the number of microcomputers available for student use, or the ratio of students to computers; equity issues arise when access to computers is restricted to certain schools, grade or ability levels, or to certain classes, such as advanced math. Participation is the average amount of computer time allotted to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Change Strategies, Computer Literacy, Educational Opportunities,...
This document updates California's 1966 guidelines for school district determination of land size needs to support their education programs. The guide reflects the changes in educational programs that have affected school site usage and size requirements and includes recommended changes in site acreage for very large schools; equal access for female athletes; classroom size and class size reductions; the need for a master plan of the site and functional link between educational specifications...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Class Size, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Facilities, Guidelines, Master...
This paper discusses the issue of providing equitable access to computer equipment for disabled students in postsecondary education. Potential access problems may exist in the areas of input, output, environment, and documentation/support/training. Five checklists are provided that focus on generic strategies to fully or partially cover the needs of the majority of users with disabilities. The first checklist covers team preparation for development of campus adaptive computing services, while...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accessibility (for Disabled), Check Lists, Computer Centers, Computer Uses in...
The main objectives of the study were to determine: (1) the general status of predominantly black institutions in the total nationwide educational spectrum; (2) the historical information about Tennessee State University (TSU) and the University of Tennessee (UTN) pertinent to the dismantling controversy (Geier v. Dunn court case) in Nashville; (3) the plan being implemented in dealing with the dual system of public higher education in Nashville; (4) the general views of school administrators...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Colleges, Black Students, Civil Rights, Discriminatory Legislation, Educational...
This book, assembled by the National Coalition of Educational Equity Advocates (NCEEA), addresses broad structural issues that can serve as the foundation for rebuilding an equitable educational system that is committed to excellence for all children. It argues that local, state, and federal governments and agencies are needed to create an integrated system of support. It also calls for national, state, and local recognition that equity is inseparable from quality in the measure of educational...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Cultural Pluralism, Educational Discrimination, Educational...
These conference proceedings cover three general areas: (1) purposes and values of high school athletics, (2) the need for a definition of equality, and (3) the legal basis for athletics and evolving definitions of equality. Specific essays discuss topics such as the organization and legal basis for athletics; racial segregation in high school athletics; and sex discrimination in high school athletics. The appendices include excerpts from the Federal and State constitutions, laws and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletes, Athletics, Conference Reports, Equal Education, Equal Facilities, High...
Prepared as a report to Representative Cardiss Collins as part of an ongoing review of the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, this document examines the current status of gender equity in intercollegiate athletics. Agencies with oversight responsibility for public higher education in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia were queried. In addition, eight studies of gender equity in intercollegiate athletics were reviewed. Survey results revealed that 22...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletics, College Athletics, Educational Opportunities, Equal Facilities, Gender...
In this four-page pamphlet suggestions are provided for conducting school ceremonies which are free of race, ethnic, sex, religious, or handicap bias. Race, ethnic, and sex fairness are addressed in the topics of choosing robe colors, line formation, seating order, listing of participants, choosing speakers, distributing diplomas, and choosing music selections. Issues related to potential handicap bias are considered under the headings of barrier free access and signing. Separate sections of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Commencement Ceremonies, Disability Discrimination, Educational Environment,...
This document is one of a two-part set of publications. Both deal with equal education and provide a concise overview of Title IX and gender equity issues in education and steps to take to ensure nondiscrimination and equal education opportunity for all. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the major federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance. The regulation for Title IX, promulgated in 1975, falls into six...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Discrimination, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Equal...
Interventions at the early childhood stage will reap rich rewards in terms of preparing children for schooling and for life, and early childhood development (ECD) programs provide valuable pointers to the way schooling can be improved. ECD is concerned with learning, and is not a peripheral strategy, but the foundation of and an essential part of the continuum of learning. To be successful, ECD programs need to: (1) encourage parent involvement and commitment; (2) be flexible; (3) use informal...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Developing Nations, Early Childhood Education, Early Intervention, Educational...
This guide is designed to help college athletics administrators and faculty ensure that their program is in compliance with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs, including college athletics, that receive or benefit from federal funding. It provides an overview of Title IX, the role of the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights in enforcing the law, and examples of ways to comply with the law. It also reviews...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Athletics, College Students, Colleges, Compliance (Legal), Court Litigation,...
This paper summarizes an ethnohistorical study of the way in which a medium-sized suburban school district's implementation of site-based, shared decision making interacted with attitudes and procedures created by earlier district reforms. A second focus is on how the adoption of a new curriculum framework, based on a whole-language philosophy and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards, was influenced by expectations left by the mandated use of criterion-referenced...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Curriculum Development, Educational Change, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal...
Historically the American educational organization both institutionally and programatically within institutions has been adaptable enough to allow the co-existence of the most diverse institutional forms and curricular programs. In 1953, public 2-year colleges in New York State were encouraged to get rid of their 1-year vocational curriculums and to confine themselves to 2-year curriculums to prepare technicians. But the 1963 Vocational Education Act seemed to be a clear mandate for 2-year...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Role, Community Colleges, Comprehensive Programs, Educational Mobility, Equal...
In the last 3 decades, Congress has enacted a number of civil rights statutes prohibiting discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. These statutes are: Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting race, color, and national origin discrimination); Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (prohibiting sex discrimination); Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (prohibiting disability discrimination); Title II of the Americans...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Civil Rights Legislation, Constitutional Law, Educational...
This document is a report to the secretary of education on the findings of the Secretary's Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. The Commission was charged with examining Title IX. Starting in June 2002, the 15-member commission collected information, analyzed issues, and obtained broad public input directed at improving the application of current federal standards for measuring equal opportunity for men and women and boys and girls to participate in athletics under Title IX. The Commission...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Athletics, Civil Rights, Educational Legislation, Elementary...
This is a handbook on coeducational physical education for teachers and school administrative personnel. Sections of Washington State legislation designed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex are reproduced for reference purposes. A step by step approach to insure the development of quality physical education programs in compliance with the law is then outlined. An accompanying discussion about the components of a successful program moves from the district level to that of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Compliance (Legal), Educational Innovation, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal...
This report analyzes interscholastic athletic programs offered by Minnesota high schools to identify errors in data reporting and suggest corrective action, identify areas of gender inequality in athletic offerings, and identify needed improvements in rule, law, or reporting requirements. The report outlines issues in sports equity, compares sports offerings generally and in various school districts, compares participation data by sport and by student, compares financial data, recommends...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Data Collection, Educational Equity (Finance), Educational Opportunities, Enrollment...
This paper examines how treating equity conflicts in sports through an emphasis on compliance with Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 has actually hindered the mass adoption of gender equity in sport and proposes that applying the principles of diffusion would allow desired change to occur as an innovation and therefore be more readily accepted. The nature of such a paradigm shift is considered and support is offered for the perceived failure of the compliance approach due to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletics, Change Strategies, Civil Rights Legislation, Compliance (Legal),...
This digest provides background information about gender equity in sports and physical activity as well as specific strategies for achieving equity at the middle and secondary school levels. The paper begins by describing gender equitable sports programs as ones in which either boys or girls would be pleased to accept as its own the program of the other. The digest then explains briefly the legal basis for gender equity in sport, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The main body of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Athletics, Compliance (Legal), Equal Education, Equal Facilities, High Schools,...
Minority groups encounter barriers to participation in boating and fishing and may not have equal access to these activities. Racial and ethnic influences on outdoor recreation participation are viewed from four theoretical perspectives. For each perspective, practices are presented that would remove or lessen socioeconomic barriers that constrain access. The marginality perspective holds that historical barriers in education and employment have negatively affected income available for...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cultural Differences, Cultural Influences, Economically Disadvantaged, Educational...
Community and educational organizations are provided with guidelines for complying with the National Endowment for the Arts 504 Regulations for incorporating the needs of the disabled into programming efforts. Information is presented in three chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the 504 regulations. Following an introduction, subsections describe the background of the regulations, highlight major features of the regulations, outline steps for complying with the regulations, and provide answers to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Art Activities, Compliance (Legal), Disabilities, Disability Discrimination, Equal...
This document is one of a two-part set of publications. Both deal with equal education and provide a concise overview of Title IX and gender equity issues in education and steps to take to ensure nondiscrimination and equal education opportunity for all. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that schools not deny any student participation in any educational program or activity on the basis of sex. The reality is that while many schools adhere to the legal requirements of Title...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Discrimination, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Equal...
The paper examines the issue of whether the concepts and practices of standardized testing, on the one hand, and the pursuit and attainment of equal opportunity, on the other, are compatible. The author cites a number of areas where tension and conflict have centered; however, he feels that there is no necessary incompatibility between the assessment of human talents and the pursuit of both equality and excellence. A number of suggestions are discussed which might help to ameliorate some of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disadvantaged, Disadvantaged Youth, Educational Testing, Equal Facilities, Equal...
Examining what manpower services are to be delivered, how they can be delivered, and how to gain the support of State and local governments, the conference on rural America aimed at improving equity of access for rural residents. The opening paper examines the delivery of public services in rural areas; the second session deals with the particular problem of manpower service delivery, including the daily problems faced by the U.S. Department of Labor's (DOL) Employment Service. In the third...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Community Organizations, Conference Reports, Delivery Systems, Equal Facilities,...
This report summarizes memoranda issued by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights to clarify policy applications of Title IX (Education Amendments of 1972), Title VI (Civil Rights Act of 1964), and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Cases discussed in reference to Title IX concern discrimination in athletic programs, sex bias in the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills, and the provision of child care by a college for the children of female students. Cases discussed in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Athletics, Disabilities, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal...
A 13-member Presidential Task Force on Women's Rights and Responsibilities recommended that: (1) The President call a White House Conference and establish an Office of Women's Rights and Responsibilities, (2) The President send a message to Congress citing widespread discrimination against women, proposing legislation to remedy these inequalities, asserting Federal leadership, recommending prompt state action as a corollary, and calling upon the private sector to follow suit, (3) The President...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Child Care, Civil Liberties, Discriminatory Legislation, Educational Opportunities,...
Researchers of gender differences in computer-related behaviors have reported a confusing picture. When asked which sex is more positive toward computers, more apt at using computers, and more likely to use a computer, one would be best advised to answer "it depends." It depends on what attitudes you are measuring, what skills you are assessing, what the computer is being used for, and what age group you are sampling. This review offers two suggestions to reduce this confusion. The...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Aptitude, Attitude Measures, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Style, Computer...
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 constitutes a major overhaul of telecommunications law and will have a major impact on rural residents, communities, schools, libraries, and hospitals. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is requesting comments from "the grassroots" about telecommunications issues and concerns of greatest importance. After giving a brief background of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Universal Service Fund, and the FCC rule-making process, this policy...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Information, Citizen Participation, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal...
Every learner must be guaranteed access to quality instruction, resources, and assessment. This handbook was designed to assist educators in making responsible local educational decisions with an informed and attuned understanding of equity and effective school practices. The publication is intended to help engage education stakeholders in substantive dialogue about the integral relevance of equity, multicultural education, and equal access to every student and educator. Part 1 identifies the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Civil Rights, Cultural Awareness, Educational Opportunities,...
THIS STUDY POSES THE QUESTION OF HOW TO MEASURE THE DEGREE OF INEQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR SUBGROUPS IN SOCIETY. IT EXAMINES AND REJECTS THE DOMINANT IDEA THAT EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY IS PROVIDED BY A COMMUNITY THROUGH THE PROVISION OF FACILITIES WITH FREE AND OPEN ACCESS FOR ALL, SUBSTITUTING THE IDEA THAT IT IS THE INTENSITY WITH WHICH A SCHOOL'S RESOURCES ARE EMPLOYED IN RELATION TO THE INTENSITY OF USE OF OUTSIDE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (I.E., PARTICULARLY THE FAMILY) WHICH...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disadvantaged, Disadvantaged Environment, Early Experience, Educational Background,...
This handbook is designed to assist arts organizations in complying with disability access regulations. It details how to include the needs of disabled people into programming efforts and also provides information on the Arts Endowment's 504 Regulation, which applies to federally funded organizations, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which extends accessibility provisions to the private sector. This 100-page publication describes approaches to making arts programs accessible...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accessibility (for Disabled), Art Activities, Disability Discrimination, Equal...
Five interpretations of equity are examined as they relate to the distribution of public goods and services. The first principle, utilitarianism, maintains that individuals are free to pursue their own interests and are rewarded according to contributions. The second principle, needs, is the basis of communist societies in which each gives according to ability and receives according to needs. Egalitarianism, the third principle, suggests that social inequality will be eliminated if each person...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Beliefs, Delivery Systems, Disadvantaged, Equal Facilities, Equalization Aid,...
The Hawke Labor government in Australia, elected in 1983, conforms to a well-defined international trend away from stong public support for education and welfare spending. This paper focuses on the education policies of the Hawke government and compares them with those of the previous Fraser government and with those of the Reagan administration in the United States. Two charts detail philosophical and financial differences and similarities among the three governments. The Hawke socialist...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Education, Educational Change, Educational Policy, Equal Facilities,...
The California State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights held an open meeting in east Los Angeles in June 1967, to collect information about civil rights problems in the Mexican American community. The meeting dealt particularly with problems in education. Specific problems presented by parents, students, and community leaders centered on the lack of effective communication between the school system and its minority constituency, and included parental involvement,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disadvantaged, Disadvantaged Environment, Educational Discrimination, Educationally...
Designed to be a general outline and guide for school administrators and board members, this monograph provides a broad overview of State statutes and State and Federal court decisions that affect the use and disposition of school property. The first part of the paper presents typical statutes granting to or withholding from school boards discretion to control school property use or disposition. For the sake of convenience as well as for improved analysis, the paper divides the statutes into...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Guides, Boards of Education, Court Litigation, Educational Facilities,...
This paper provides a basic overview of the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which mandates equal access, protection, and opportunity for persons with disabilities in four major areas: employment, telecommunication, transportation, and public services and accommodations. It notes that the employment provisions of ADA require that the hiring and employment policies of employers with more than 25 employees be nondiscriminatory, and that employers provide...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accessibility (for Disabled), Compliance (Legal), Disabilities, Disability...
In October 1970, the Commission on Civil Rights published a large-scale study of "The Federal Civil Rights Enforcement Effort." Based on an evaluation of more than 40 departments and agencies with significant civil rights responsibilities, the Commission found that enforcement was characterized largely by inaction, lack of coordination, and indifference. In May 1970, the Commission issued a follow-up report to determine what progress, if any, had been made in the seven months since...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrative Policy, Administrative Problems, Civil Rights, Educational...
This handbook provides a step-by-step approach for school systems to guide them in dealing with some of the more complex issues where desegregation and the development of plans is concerned. The legal implications of desegregation and factors necessitating affirmative action are discussed. An outline is given for organizing a task force on desegregation, including such factors as assessing local needs, initiating action, developing detailed plans for implementing necessary changes,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Change Strategies, Civil Rights, Civil Rights Legislation,...
Canterbury, Connecticut, and Little Rock, Arkansas, are links in a chain of events representing the struggle for equal educational opportunity for African Americans. Focusing on these two communities, this lesson plan highlights two important historic places and the role each played in testing the prevailing assumptions of the time regarding racial integration of schools. It also tells the story of conflict between the rule of law versus mob rule, and the importance of a free press in exposing...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black History, Blacks, Civil Rights, Constitutional Law, Equal Facilities, Geography,...
This document presents the summary report of the Virginia Governor's Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics formed in response to the Knight Commission Report on intercollegiate athletics. The Governor's Commission, divided into three subcommittees, developed and revised draft recommendations, held public hearings to gather responses to the draft recommendations, and ratified a final version. The subcommittee on academics and finance addressed governance, authority, responsibility,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accountability, Athletes, Athletic Coaches, Athletics, College Athletics, College...
The impact of urban financial crises on the provision of recreational and cultural services for children, primarily by local governments, is explored. Emphasis is on the effects upon California's children's services of Proposition 13, a tax relief initiative limiting property taxes in that State. Data from an Oakland, California, survey are presented to provide background on the characteristics of children who use such services as parks, museums, libraries, and zoos, and on the frequency of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Children, City Government, Community Services, Cultural Activities, Economic Factors,...
This special bulletin examines the Texas Supreme Court's January 1995 final opinion in the Edgewood vs. Meno case, the latest in a series of rulings on the constitutionality of the Texas public school funding system. The first article summarizes the majority opinion, discusses the implications of the court's 5-4 ruling, and suggests that further litigation to equalize funding is almost guaranteed. The second article suggests that, while disparities in educational funding were considerably...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Court Litigation, Educational Equity (Finance), Educational Facilities, Educational...
