This report examines recruitment and retention of Aboriginal teachers in Saskatchewan (Canada) a decade after principles of equity were voluntarily adopted by some public school divisions. Data were gathered via questionnaires completed by 25 teachers of Aboriginal ancestry, 17 graduates of the Saskatchewan Urban Native Teacher Education Program, and 15 directors of education as well as interviews with 6 teacher education program graduates and 6 directors of education. Forces that restrain and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Change Strategies, Cultural Context, Educational Improvement, Elementary Secondary...
This pamphlet, designed to assist people with disabilities in the job search process, discusses Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and job search issues. The ADA's definitions and protections are outlined, and the types of employers covered under the ADA are noted. The pamphlet emphasizes that the ADA is not affirmative action legislation but civil rights legislation. It discusses the job applicant's rights concerning confidentiality, accommodation, job program accessibility,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Civil Rights, Civil Rights Legislation, Disabilities, Disability...
This report measures progress in the implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The report notes the life experiences of people with disabilities and the social values which led to passage of the ADA, and reviews early signs of implementation success. The report then summarizes findings and recommendations emanating from a February 1994 national meeting of experts and from an August 1994 roundtable discussion in Seattle, Washington, which provided a local perspective...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Accessibility (for Disabled), Civil Rights, Civil Rights Legislation, Compliance...
A study was conducted at El Paso Community College (EPCC) to assess the relative ease of access of women to postsecondary education curricula and institutions which train individuals for occupations which have traditionally been performed by men. The study focused on evidence of a lack of gender equality in selected occupations; the characteristics of two- and four-year college students and graduates; the characteristics of two-year vocational degree students and graduates; and the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Community Colleges, Employment Opportunities, Employment Patterns, Equal...
This paper presents findings of a study that examined the views of Illinois female superintendents toward the superintendent-selection process. A survey mailed to all (N=83) women superintendents in Illinois elicited 47 responses, a 57 percent response rate. Findings indicate that women superintendents in smaller school districts received salaries not commensurate with those in surrounding districts. Approximately one-half of the respondents headed districts with fewer than 1,000 students....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Attitudes, Administrator Selection, Elementary Secondary Education,...
This report analyzes the economic and demographic trends for women over the last decade in terms of their educational attainment, participation in the labor force, and position in academia as students, faculty, and administrators. It found that the number of women who have completed 4 or more years of college has doubled over the last two decades, and that younger women (25 to 34 years old) were just as likely as men to have attained 4 or more years of college. However, women with the same...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Rank (Professional), College Administration, College Faculty, Demography,...
The WorkAbility Program was a 3-year project initiated in October 1991 by the Metropolitan Community Colleges (MCC) in Kansas City, Missouri, to increase the employability of students with disabilities by addressing needs for career counseling, mentoring, job search skills preparation, and career-related work experiences. The five sections of this final report present data on outcomes and objectives, as well as supporting materials used in the project. The first section provides an overview of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Career Counseling, Community Colleges, Disabilities, Education Work Relationship,...
This synoptic table provides an overview and comparison of employment trends and policy measures for each member state of the European Community. Information on the following countries is presented in eight chapters: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and United Kingdom. Chapter 0 presents data on global indicators: population, increase in working age population, consumer prices, employment rate, and unemployment rate. Chapter 1...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Basic Education, Developed Nations, Education Work Relationship, Educational...
In Great Britain, it is not unusual to find primary schools staffed almost entirely by women, but managed by men. This paper argues that more women should manage education in western Europe and explains why. It examines the stereotypes of "gendered" management styles. For example, both Margaret Thatcher and Bill Clinton have encountered public criticism because they used combinations of feminine and masculine styles. It is argued that even when women are in positions of management,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Administration, Elementary Secondary Education, Employment Patterns,...
White females and members of minority groups have historically been underrepresented in educational administration. This paper describes findings of a study that produced a demographic profile of school leaders in central Missouri. A survey of 117 school districts in central Missouri elicited a response rate of 100 percent. Findings indicate that in large districts, 65 percent of elementary-school principals were female. Of those women, one-third were black. No minority-group members were...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Characteristics, Administrator Selection, Educational Administration,...
This paper uses examples of systemic sex discrimination at one Canadian university to illustrate the need to continue to redress the causes of such discrimination. An opening section explores some legal definitions of systemic discrimination from court decisions and government regulation. Using these, this section develops a working definition of systemic discrimination as any "institutionalized" (not individual) structures, policies, practices, customers and attitudes which...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrative Policy, Careers, College Administration, Definitions, Equal...
In 1989, Walter E. Kimm, III applied for a position as an admissions representative at Brookdale Community College (BCC), in New Jersey. As a result of BCC's nonresponsiveness, he reapplied, using a slightly modified resume, as "Suzy Ming Cheng." Whereas "Suzy Ming Cheng" was invited to an interview for the position, Kimm was sent a letter of refusal very shortly after the first part of the screening process. Courtroom testimony later indicated that an interview was sought...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Community Colleges, Court Litigation, Employment Practices, Equal...
Reflecting a need to prepare students for working in diverse organizations, this document was developed to increase school officials' awareness of bias in instructional materials and help them select bias-free materials. A number of the examples illustrate situations dealing with diversity in the workplace. The guide is divided into three parts: guidelines and procedure for evaluating bias in instructional materials, bias awareness training worksheets, and bias awareness and procedure training...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Check Lists, Consciousness Raising, Cultural Differences, Disabilities, Equal...
Young women perceive themselves today as equally entitled, active citizens of society. Women's interest in helping to shape politics and society has grown. The German Women's Council, an umbrella organization of about 100 German women's associations, commemorates this year the 100th anniversary of the death of Louise Otto-Peters, the founder of the first General Women's Association in 1865. The demand for equal rights is still very topical 130 years later. Women's legal status has improved...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Comparable Worth, Employed Women, Employment Practices, Equal...
Community colleges are under pressure from internal and external forces to recruit and retain minority faculty members. According to recent studies, approximately 90% of the total faculty at two- and four-year public and private colleges are white. The highest percentage of faculty of color are employed at public four-year institutions (12.6%) and the lowest percentage at private two-year colleges (2.6%). Various strategies have been suggested for recruiting minority faculty, including the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, College Faculty, Community Colleges, Diversity (Institutional),...
Despite their significant role in African economies, women are still the victims of poverty, illiteracy, discrimination, and powerlessness. Most African countries are classified as "low" on the Human Development Index and exhibit a relationship between per capita gross domestic product and the adult literacy rate. Rural women appear to be the most disadvantaged group and are the least represented in political decision making. Factors accounting for gender inequalities include cultural...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Adult Basic Education, Change Strategies, Developing Nations,...
The purpose of this research was to relate perceptions of occupational discrimination to the actual occupational opportunity structure in American society. The latter refers to the relative openness of various occupations to individuals possessing certain characteristics that are, in fact, differentially distributed among occupations. Both cohorts of students completed questionnaires that included 2 scales of 21 occupations seeking ratings of occupational discrimination against women and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Employment, Career Choice, Career Development, Cohort Analysis, College...
This manual on job search strategies for students with disabilities was developed as part of the EASE (Equal Access for Students to Education and Experience) Project at seven community colleges in northeastern Minnesota. The manual contains text, questionnaires, worksheets, checklists, examples, and lists of suggested resources to help students plan their careers, find possible jobs, apply for jobs, and then succeed on the job. Individual chapters focus on the following topics: (1) career...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Accessibility (for Disabled), Career Planning, College Students,...
This paper discusses 14 issues related to gender equity in intercollegiate athletics, including: (1) the cost dilemma, in which institutions have to cut men's sports to introduce women's sports; (2) equal pay for the coaches of men's and women's teams; (3) the gender of coaches, namely men coaching women's teams; (4) peer harassment among students; (5) the rising level of participation in intercollegiate athletics; (6) the advancement of minority women in intercollegiate athletics; (7) women in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Athletics, Comparable Worth, Court Litigation, Disabilities, Equal...
The Women in Technology (WIT) program at Texas' El Paso Community College (EPCC) was established to recruit women into nontraditional occupations, offering technical education, services to help retain women, and community outreach efforts to help change attitudes. This report describes outcomes for the 1994-95 fiscal year, focusing on five WIT objectives, activities undertaken to achieve them, and measures used to determine effectiveness. Introductory sections describe the program and general...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Annual Reports, Attitude Change, Community Colleges, Employed Women, Equal...
Chicano school failure can be fully understood only when analyzed in the broadest political, economic, and cultural contexts. Objective economic and political conditions dynamically interrelate with schooling experiences to influence incidences of school success and failure. Any serious effort to reduce Chicano school failure must address the convoluted path to success in a credential society. In this chapter, Hispanic educational and economic conditions (educational attainment, college...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Compensatory Education, Democratic Values, Disadvantaged, Economic Factors,...
This document is one of a two-part set of publications. Both deal with equal education and provide a concise overview of Title IX and gender equity issues in education and steps to take to ensure nondiscrimination and equal education opportunity for all. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that schools not deny any student participation in any educational program or activity on the basis of sex. The reality is that while many schools adhere to the legal requirements of Title...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Discrimination, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Equal...
This document is one of a two-part set of publications. Both deal with equal education and provide a concise overview of Title IX and gender equity issues in education and steps to take to ensure nondiscrimination and equal education opportunity for all. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the major federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance. The regulation for Title IX, promulgated in 1975, falls into six...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Discrimination, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Equal...
This booklet, which is designed to clarify facts regarding the minimum wage's impact on marketplace economics, contains a total of 31 questions and answers pertaining to the following topics: relationship between minimum wages and poverty; impacts of changes in the minimum wage on welfare reform; and possible effects of changes in the minimum wage and job loss. Among the issues addressed in the individual questions are the following: characteristics of individuals who work at the minimum wage;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Career Education, Economic Impact, Employed Parents, Employment...
These four newsletter issues focus on topics of interest to female students, faculty, and administrators in higher education. Each issue contains many brief reports on events, news, litigation, legislation, resources, and campus programs on sexual harassment, sexual assault, working in academe and elsewhere, women overseas, women's studies, and women in athletics. A regular column on the activities of the American Council on Education's Office of Women in Higher Education is included....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Campuses, College Administration, College Students, Court Litigation, Equal...
Tomlinson testified on Goal 5 of the National Education Goals, which states that "every major American business will be involved in strengthening the connection between education and work," and particularly on methods to assess progress toward that goal in higher education and postgraduate training. The testimony proposed that the National Education Goals should maintain a "check and balance" approach to progress assessment by evaluating how qualified businesses are to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Business Responsibility, Education Work Relationship, Educational Assessment,...
Continuing progress in science and engineering is essential to meeting the Nation's goals of improved international competitiveness and enhanced economic and social well-being for all citizens. The full utilization of human resources is a vital factor in the realization of this objective. Participation in science and engineering in the United States has not reflected the diversity of the Nation's population. This report documents the different rates at which groups in the population are...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Disabilities, Disability Discrimination, Engineering Education, Equal Opportunities...
In 1986, the Ontario Women's Directorate launched the Change Agent Program to encourage the development of workplace equity programs and to share information and knowledge gained by these programs so that others might benefit from them. This report describes a 20-month pilot project, Education at Work, a joint labor-management initiative between the Canadian Union of Public Employees Local 79 and Metro Toronto's Homes for the Aged Division. Its purpose was to help entry-level Nursing Attendants...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Career Development, Community Health Services, Education Work Relationship,...
This study investigated the effects of discriminatory interview questions on applicants' perceptions and intentions toward an organization. Participants included 118 graduate business students (59 percent male), average age of 31 with more than eight years of full-time work experience. Discriminatory questions addressed handicaps, plans for marriage and children, date of birth, and arrest records. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of six groups, with each group answering ten questions. A...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Age Discrimination, Employee Attitudes, Employer Attitudes, Employment Interviews,...
During the 1930s and 1940s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) devoted much time trying to improve educational opportunities for African-Americans within the existing segregated school system. The teacher salary equalization movement began with a series of successful cases in Maryland. This paper examines how the NAACP used the lessons gained from the Maryland experience to advance the teacher salary equalization movement in Virginia from 1935 to 1941. The...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Court Litigation, Educational Equity (Finance), Educational History, Elementary...
This paper examines the unequal status of women in academic life from the ideological framework of the women's movement and issues a call to action to change this position. The paper discusses the following issues: (1) persons in the majority culture highlight the differences between them and the minority by exaggerating their culture; (2) the imbalance in numbers causes people to be preoccupied with how to behave toward each other; (3) most curricular materials effectively eliminate women or...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Civil Rights, College Faculty, Employed Women, Equal...
This document details how Australia's government intends to implement the New National Agenda for Women, which was formulated in 1993 after a review of many recent reports and after a forum to obtain input from women in the community, representatives of many women's organizations, and all areas of government. Sixteen of the 23 chapters examine the following issues: women and decision making; eliminating violence against women; women and the media; education; training; employment; child care;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Battered Women, Day Care, Decision Making, Economic Status,...
The national Nontraditional Employment for Women Act, passed in 1991, was intended to expand employment opportunities and access for women into nontraditional occupations. The New York State Job Training Partnership Council (JTPC) worked toward implementation of the act in the state by convening a subcommittee, with representatives of state government, service delivery areas, organized labor, education, community-based organizations, service providers, and people interested in nontraditional...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Equal Opportunities (Jobs), Females, Nontraditional Occupations, Policy Formation,...
This paper explains the social and legal contexts that affect the status and employment of women in education in Australia. It examines data on women in educational management at all levels, with a focus on the tertiary sector. Methodology involved document analysis of the affirmative action plans submitted by 6 government school systems, 6 nongovernment school systems, 29 tertiary institutions, and 9 other organizations. Barriers to the entry of women into management positions and consequences...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Educational Administration, Elementary Secondary Education,...
Demographic predictions indicate that by the end of this century only 15% of new entrants to the workforce will be white males, compared to 47% in 1985. Executives, as well as academic administrators, are being forced to learn how to manage a diverse employee population by cultivating, strengthening, and utilizing diverse talents and skills, rather than merely providing access to new groups. The barriers that exist to integrating new team members can be overcome by understanding differences of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrative Policy, Administrator Role, Affirmative Action, College...
Many are concerned that America will not have a sufficient supply of scientists and engineers in the workforce for the 21st century. Five regional workshops were held by four organizations (in Boston, Massachusetts; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Seattle-Tacoma, Washington; and Phoenix-Tempe, Arizona) to provide a forum for all those concerned with issues involved in the underrepresentation in science and engineering of students with disabilities. This document is one of two documents that was...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Disabilities, Equal Education, Equal Opportunities (Jobs), Higher...
Many are concerned that America will not have a sufficient supply of scientists and engineers in the workforce for the 21st century. Five regional workshops were held to provide a forum for all those concerned with issues involved in the underrepresentation in science and engineering of students with disabilities. This document is one of two documents that was distributed through the participating national organizations. It is a "how-to" manual based upon the project's prototype...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Disabilities, Engineering Education, Equal Education, Equal...
The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction has made considerable progress in removing barriers that tended to preclude women and minority group members from competing for jobs on an equal basis. However, there remains a need to identify and remove those discriminatory practices that may still exist in the department's employment procedures. This document presents the department's affirmative action plan. The introduction includes the equal employment opportunity/affirmative action...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Elementary Secondary Education, Employment Opportunities, Equal...
This brochure was developed by the West Virginia Project for the Elimination of Sex Discrimination to inform boards of education, school administrators, and other supervisory staff that sexual harassment in educational institutions is not simply inappropriate behavior. It is against the law. This document provides information to assist the state and its school districts with their legal obligations to prevent sexual harassment in employment. The goal of the West Virginia Board of Education is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary Secondary Education, Employed Women, Employee Attitudes, Employer Employee...
This paper describes progress made between 1973 and 1993 toward creating gender equity in education, with a focus on the Oregon experience. Four topics are addressed: (1) law and policy; (2) language; (3) the culture of school; and (4) school administration. Law and policy are needed at least to change behaviors, though they may not be sufficient to change attitudes. Regarding language, the implications of the words "gender" and "sex" are discussed. Gender is not a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Educational Administration, Educational Discrimination,...
This study examined the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in University of Pennsylvania v. EEOC as it applies to tenure/promotion practices and the disclosure of peer evaluation information. The 1990 decision ordered the university to turn over confidential tenure files to the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) pursuant to the agency's investigation of employment discrimination charges at the university. The study sought to determine how the ruling affected the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Faculty, Confidentiality, Court Litigation, Disclosure, Educational...
Labor force participation rates, pay inequities, occupational segregation, positions in the hierarchy, interactions between diverse groups, and organizational culture all demonstrate that diversity in the workplace has not been fully achieved. Existing approaches to supporting workplace diversity have not worked, and, in many cases, have resulted in new sets of problems or dilemmas. For example, the equal employment opportunity approach, although effective in increasing participation, has...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Attitude Change, Corporate Education, Cultural Differences, Diversity...
The Women's Bureau enlisted more than 1,600 partners to distribute a questionnaire asking women about their lives as workers. The partners included the following: more than 300 businesses, 900 grassroots organizations, 75 unions, daily newspapers, national magazines, and federal agencies in all 50 states, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and Puerto Rico. In addition, a telephone survey was conducted with a scientifically selected, national random sample. Findings indicated women felt pride and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Employed Women, Employee Attitudes, Equal Opportunities (Jobs), Job...
This booklet discusses the risks that educational institutions face in regard to employment discrimination litigation and outlines a program to effectively manage such risks. Institutions need to address three main types of employment discrimination issues: sexual harassment, disability-based discrimination, and age discrimination. To deal with these concerns, educational institutions should implement a five-step employment liability management program to help minimize the potential liabilities...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Guides, Administrator Role, Age Discrimination, College Administration,...
A study surveyed 370 administrators in four-year institutions in the mid-southern United States to identify factors that enhance administrative placement with regard to gender. By administrative position, the sample included the following: 20 presidents/chancellors/provosts; 50 vice-presidents/vice-chancellors; 100 deans; and 200 department or division chairs/department-division heads. The response rate to mailed questionnaires was 73 percent. The dependent variable of administrative aspiration...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrator Characteristics, Administrators, Career Education, Career Planning,...
This paper focuses on the issue of whether the individual with a disability should disclose this information to a current or potential employer. It notes that, under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), it is the individual's responsibility to disclose his/her disability and initiate a request for accommodation. The employer cannot inquire if there is a disability. Explanations of the following key terms of the ADA are given in the context of the disclosure issue: "essential...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Assertiveness, Civil Rights, Civil Rights Legislation, Disabilities, Employment,...
This training module was designed to assist career and vocational counselors to help students with disabilities develop job search skills. The module includes workshop content (with side notes to the trainer in italics), overheads, and many handouts. Preliminary information includes module purpose and overall learning objectives, a module outline, a list of materials needed for the workshop, and suggested adaptations for individuals with disabilities. A section on statistics notes the numbers...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Career Counseling, Career Development, Civil Rights Legislation,...
Four issues of a quarterly newsletter address programs, issues, and concerns of women students, faculty and administrators in higher education. Each issue contains many brief reports on events, news, litigation, legislation, and campus programs on the following topics: sexual harassment, working in academe, news from around the campus, sexual assault, women in athletics, and resources (conferences, new programs, publications). Final pages contain Job Line listings of positions open at colleges...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Campuses, College Administration, College Faculty, College Students, Court...
This newsletter theme issue outlines the intentions, concepts, and structures of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as it relates to employment. The article simplifies the provisions of Title I into the following statement: "If, despite my disability and despite some cost to be borne by my employer, I can perform the basic functions of the job I have or want, my disability is an unlawful reason for my employer to deny it to me or treat me differently from other, nondisabled...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Civil Rights Legislation, Compliance (Legal), Disabilities, Employers, Employment...
This report describes the activities and results of three programs instituted under Connecticut's Minority Advancement Program (MAP) to promote racial and ethnic diversity in Connecticut public higher education. The Connecticut Collegiate Awareness and Preparation Program (ConnCAP), which enrolled 1,585 students in 1993-94, is designed to give high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds the necessary skills and motivation for success in college. The Minority Enrollment Incentive Program...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affirmative Action, Cultural Differences, Cultural Pluralism, Disadvantaged Youth,...
