This study is the first assessment of the long term effects of computer conferencing. The use of PLANET and FORUM are described, and major users and conference characteristics are presented through excerpts from conference transcripts. Part I of the report focuses on the ways in which organizations used computer conferencing. Conference size and duration for each major user are characterized as to organizational style derived from transcript excerpts. In Part II, patterns of growth of the user...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computers, Conferences, Intermode Differences, Networks, Publications, Research...
Naval researchers studied the effects of delay in the presentatio of visual information on pilot performance. Simulated carrier landing tasks were performed by subjects using a visual display generated by a computer. In one part of the experiment pilots were asked to "fly" carrier approaches with and without a 0.1 second delay in the visual scene presented to them. In the second part of the experiment, pilots were asked to "fly" carrier approaches several times during which...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Feedback, Flight Training, Intermode Differences, Research, Simulation, Visual...
A study compared the advantages and disadvantages of microform for classroom training applications. Three types of factors were considered: 1) student factors, such as material usage patterns, study styles, examination results, and fatigue; 2) instructor factors, such as attitudes and opinions, the role of the instructor, and the need for adjunct reference materials, and 3) administrative factors, such as logistics and the value which came from using microform. Three classes in an Air Force...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Intermode Differences, Microfiche, Microfilm, Microforms,...
A study was devised to determine whether, if color is found superior to black-and-white for communicating dynamic picture content, that superiority can be attributed to the realism of authentic color, or whether that superiority is the effect of the simple presence of color. A sample of 90 sixth grade students were shown slides, half of which depicted dynamic events and half showed static situations. The slides were produced in three versions: black-and-white, authentic color, and contrived...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Color, Intermode Differences, Motion, Perception, Teaching Methods, Visual...
This study compared the typing efficiency of four young children (5 to 6 years of age) who were novice typists on the Dvork and QWERTY keyboards. A copying program on an Apple IIc microcomputer functioned as the training instrument. Although the children did not acquire proficient touch typing skills, they did type accurate responses faster, keep their hands positioned on the home row when they began typing, and show some conditioning to key locations when using the Dvorak keyboard. While the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Intermode Differences, Keyboarding (Data Entry),...
This study examined the constructs of a study skill--highlighting--to determine whether the constructs for highlighting in a paper mode would be the same as highlighting in a computer mode. Constructs are defined as the underlying processes that are elicited in an experimental setting and that provide a basis for explaining the relations among the outcomes which are dependent upon subjects, stimulus materials, administration procedures, and scoring procedures and criteria. Two passages...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Testing, Higher Education, Intermode...
To determine the effects of cartoon-embellished programed text materials on student skill performance and student attitudes towards instruction and subject material, a random sample of 85 students in a course on audiovisual materials were selected as research subjects. Research procedures included: (1) pretest for skills and attitudes; (2) random division into two groups; (3) treatment--one group exposed to an ordinary programed text on tape recorder operation and the other group exposed to a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cartoons, College Students, Comparative Analysis, Higher Education, Intermode...
Two major hypotheses were tested in three experiments. The first hypothesis proposed that students can imitate and internalize filmic codes, to be used subsequently as covert schematized mediators. The second hypothesis was that subjects with low relevant aptitude scores would profit more than better able subjects from films which model for them schematic operations to be internalized. The subjects, 80 eighth-graders, were shown two operations--laying out solid objects and zooming in on...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Experiments, Films, Intermode Differences, Learning Theories, Low Ability...
Three forms (hardcopy, positive-image microfiche, and negative-image microfiche) of 12 psychometric instruments employing technical training materials were developed for this study. Ninety Air Force trainees were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (hardcopy, positive-image, or negative-image), and their performances were compared. The purposes of this study were 1) to replicate an experiment of Baldwin and Bailey's (1971) in order to see if their results could be reproduced...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Evaluation Methods, Intermode Differences, Microfiche,...
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of varying pictorial detail and presentation strategy on learners of varying grade levels in a visually transmitted concept formation task. Specifically, line drawings containing only relevant details and halftones containing relevant and irrelevant detail were presented successively and simultaneously to three separate populations of fifth grade, ninth grade, and fifteenth grade subjects. A randomized posttest only control group...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Audiovisual Aids, Comparative Analysis, Concept Formation, Illustrations, Intermode...
Learner preferences for varying screen density levels were examined using multiple screen designs (high external validity) and single screen designs (high internal validity). Subjects were 23 graduate and 23 undergraduate student volunteers. When viewing multiple screens for each design in Study I, they indicated the highest preference for medium density screens while tending to select higher-density over lower-density screens in individual comparisons. When viewing only the first screen of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Design Preferences, Display Systems, Graduate Students, Higher...
This study examined problem solving as a function of display type (table/graph) and numeric function (linear/nonlinear) in four problem solving domains. Twenty-two stimulus problems were developed, and line graph and table displays were constructed for each problem. Half of the displays contained linear numeric functions and the other half contained nonlinear numeric functions. Each display was accompanied by four questions which required: (1) the location of a specific value; (2) trend...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Variance, Data Interpretation, Graphs, Intermode Differences, Problem...
The effect on achievement of sequential organization of subject matter in programed instruction, the interaction of sequence with verbal ability, and the effect of two types of anxiety on learning were examined in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a group in which program frame sequence had been scrambled by means of a table of random numbers or to a group in which the program frames were logically sequenced. Two programs dealing with heart disease were employed: one program...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Anxiety, Interaction, Intermode Differences, Performance Factors, Program Content,...
This study examined the effects and interaction of multiple and linear visual presentation modes and cognitive style on performance in a visual location task. Subjects were 132 undergraduate college students (40 males, 92 females) in professional education courses. The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT, Wilkin et al., 1971) was used to identify students as field dependents, field independents, or neutral. The visual location task tested the subjects' ability to select a criterion picture from a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Field Dependence Independence, Higher Education, Intermode...
This report contains a comparative analysis of the differential effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), programmed instructional text (PIT), and lecture methods of instruction in three medical courses--Medical Laboratory, Radiology, and Dental. The summative evaluation includes (1) multiple regression analyses conducted to predict learner performance; (2) 2x3 analyses of variance conducted to investigate treatment (CAI, lecture, and PIT) and aptitude effects; and (3) discriminant...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Instruction, Formative Evaluation, Intermode...
Multimodal texts that combine words and images produce meaning in a different way from monomodal texts that rely on words. They differ not only in representing the subject matter, but also constructing relationships between text producers and text receivers. This article uses two multimodal texts and one monomodal written text as samples, which are for the same purpose of public education and on the same subject matter of wildlife protection. Through a comparative analysis of the two sets of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Printed Materials, Visual Aids, Wildlife, Climate, Mass...
Proficiency at vocational typing tasks after conventional or programed instruction was compared. The subjects were low-ability students in first- and second-year typing classes. The programed instruction featured: little practice at ordinary stroking skills, early introduction of vocational typing tasks, explicit instruction in making decisions about attractive placement of materials on the page, and in-class practice on the typewriter in making these decisions. Tests showed that faster typing...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Business Education, Business Skills, Conventional Instruction, Intermode Differences,...
The superiority of the evolving computer-based approach to learning has not been supported by systematic comparisons with other methods. The effectiveness and acceptability of computer-presented and print-presented materials, containing identical concepts and methods for improving study skills and academic attitudes, were compared in a sample of 421 college freshmen. All students completed the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) on the first and last day of class. A rating scale was...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Freshmen, Computer Assisted Instruction, Higher Education, Intermode...
Delay of feedback studies with animals or with tasks which are simple for human subjects have led to the common assertion that computer-assisted-instruction (CAI) systems should incorporate immediate feedback in order to maximize learning. However, studies using more complex learning tasks have suggested that delays of up to at least a day actually benefit learning. A study was designed to investigate the optimal feedback delay for different types of mathematical material in an undergraduate...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Mathematics, Computer Assisted Instruction, Feedback, Intermode Differences,...
In order to investigate the effects of sequence and synthesis in the teaching of taxonomically-related concepts, a study was conducted in which 27 students from Syracuse University were asked to examine printed instructions dealing with kinds of sailboats and then to respond to a test based on those instructions. The synthesizing structure employed in the instructions was a "kinds-conceptual" taxonomy which shows the relationship between concepts. Six versions of the instructions were...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classification, College Students, Concept Teaching, Higher Education, Instructional...
Curriculum has two major approaches, technical and scientific approach and the nontechnical-nonscientific approach. Both are different and distinct. Schools need to distinguish which approach is suited for their students.
Topics: ERIC Archive, Curriculum, Teaching Methods, Educational Strategies, Instructional Design, Intermode...
"Machine controlled adaptive training is a promising concept. In adaptive training the task presented to the trainee varies as a function of how well he performs. In machine controlled training, adaptive logic performs a function analogous to that performed by a skilled operator." This study looks at the ways in which gain-effective time constant product, system compensation, and forcing function amplitude compare as adaptive variables, in terms of trainee performance, and at the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Flight Training, Intermode Differences, Simulation, Training...
This study assessed the effects of providing learners with a graphic illustration of coordinate concept relationships to supplement learning from text-based instruction. Seventy-three undergraduate students were given a passage of approximately 1,200 words in length, describing Ausubel's Categories of Meaningful Learning. Half of the students also received a graphic concept tree which illustrated the relationship between concepts presented in the text. Findings from analysis of variance on...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Variance, Cognitive Processes, Concept Teaching, Higher Education,...
The purpose of this research was to design, create a prototype, and evaluate an Educational Data Acquisition System (EDAS) for use in secondary school science laboratories. The prototype of EDAS consisted of a microcomputer, data acquisition interface, sensors, software, and documentation. It provided the teacher and students with a general-purpose linkage between physical processes and the microcomputer and is comparable to the tools routinely employed in industry. The prototype system was...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Databases, Information Retrieval, Intermode...
Research conducted over the past 80 years is examined to answer three questions on sensory modality as it relates to reading. In the 18 studies reviewed which relate to the superiority of one modality over another, there was no consensus regarding the relative effectiveness of modalities among adults. The evidence leans toward greater effectiveness of the visual modality among children. The review of eight studies which compared the effectiveness of the simultaneous use of more than one...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Aural Learning, Beginning Reading, Intermode Differences, Reading Achievement,...
In this article, the author discusses Prezi and compares it to other forms of presentation software. Taking a completely different approach to the entire concept of software for presentations, Prezi stands alone as a unique and wholly viable competitor to PowerPoint. With a "Prezi", users display words, images, and videos without using "slides" at all. Instead, individual pieces of the presentation are digitally deposited on a single oversized canvas, and the creator has the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Courseware, Computer Software Reviews, Intermode Differences, Technology Uses in...
Software to support teaching and learning activities was added to a computer mediated communications system to create a "virtual classroom." The goals included improving access to and effectiveness of college-level courses, particularly by facilitating collaborative learning. The process and outcomes were compared for sections of several courses taught in the traditional classroom, totally online, or in a mixed mode. On the average, the students reported that the virtual classroom...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Courseware, Distance Education, Higher Education, Instructional...
Three films were produced to serve as instructional aids in teaching the rhythmic gymnastic skills of performing with clubs, balls, and hoops. The content of the films was determined with the aid of specialists in rhythmic gymnastics. To evaluate the films as aids to instruction, 170 women enrolled in elementary physical education courses were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: An experimental group which received instruction in rhythmic gymnastics from an instructor with the aid...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Instruction, Comparative Analysis, Conventional Instruction, Exercise...
The effectiveness of elaborate visual cueing and reduced step size (i.e., increasing the number of visual cues) in facilitating student achievement on different instructional tasks was examined. The hypothesis proposed that instructional treatments utilizing reduced step size and elaborate visual cueing alone and in combination would be superior to treatments using larger step size and simple visual cueing. Parts of Dwyer's instructional materials were modified and used with varying degrees of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Cues, Difficulty Level, Higher Education, Illustrations,...
This study compares the effectiveness of three types of computer graphics display for computer-assisted instruction in (1) low level (boxed alphanumerics and schematics), (2) medium level (line drawings), and (3) high level (line drawings plus animations). Three groups of 30 enlisted personnel at the Engineering School and the Defense Mapping School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, studied a computer-assisted instructional lesson on the psychophysiology of audition. Upon lesson completion, retention of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Graphics, Hearing (Physiology), Intermode...
For Fall 2016, of the 175,509 students enrolled in the Utah System of Higher Education at third week, 69,535 (39.6 %) are participating in some form of technology delivered instruction. Of that total, 54,269 (30.9%) enrolled in at least one online class. Despite availability of online courses and degrees, students prefer using online courses to augment a traditional campus schedule. 88% of all students who enrolled Fall 2016 took the majority of their courses on campus. Less than 3% of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Higher Education, Influence of Technology, Delivery Systems, Distance Education,...
This study investigated the effects of sequence and synthesis prescriptions from the Elaboration Theory by teaching the parts of a microcomputer system based on a parts-conceptual structure. A 2x3 factorial design was used which incorporated two sequences, general-to-detailed and detailed-to-general, and three levels of synthesizer, i.e., no synthesizer, synthesizer first, and synthesizer last. The subjects were 128 eighth-grade pupils who were randomly assigned to the six treatment groups....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Variance, Audiotape Recordings, Grade 8, Instructional Design, Intermode...
This paper compares the content of two types of instruction presented to a student either by an intelligent tutoring system or by some conventional text, such as a textbook or a computer user's manual, when the educational goal is skills learning. Two distinct points of view are presented: (1) that of the "expounders," who believe that instruction should be as complete and explicit as possible, and (2) that of the "minimalists," who believe that instruction should above all...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Computers, Educational Strategies, Guides, Instructional...
In 1960, a series of four telecasts concerning guidance, four on art, and five on science were shown in elementary and secondary schools of Toronto, Canada. Each telecast was fifteen minutes long. They were evaluated by teachers and administrators on three counts: physical aspects for viewing the telecasts, effectiveness of the television presentation, and effect on learning. Among the results of an evaluation questionnaire are: the telecast portion of each lesson had a significant effect upon...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Gains, Art Education, Career Guidance, Closed Circuit Television,...
Within the context of a counterbalanced design, 63 female students were tested with a computerized Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and a group booklet mode of administration. State anxiety was measured before and after each testing session. The correlation between the computer-based MMPI scale scores and the booklet administration scores were shown to be as high as or higher than the correlations reported for comparisons between booklet and card form administrations of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Anxiety, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Instruction, Intermode Differences,...
The author reviews the instructional programing languages which already exist and describes their methods of presentation, organization, and preparation. He recommends that all research and development projects remain flexible in their choice of programing language for a time yet. He suggests ways to adapt to specific uses and users, to exploit the interactive mode of computer use, and to coordinate language maintenance and system operations with project goals. Drawing on a variety of sources,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Evaluation Criteria, Interaction, Intermode...
With the advent of multi-screen capability in multi-media communication centers, it is possible to control the visual learning environment in a number of interesting ways. The basic assumption implicit in the concept of the multiple-image presentation is that it increases learning. A study tested the effect on learning of single- and multiple-image presentations as they related to two levels of stimulus complexity of a series of similar problems and to practice of these problems. Three...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Audiovisual Aids, Concept Formation, Intermode Differences, Pictorial Stimuli,...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the variables found to influence learning in laboratory settings were able to produce effective student achievement when utilized in Venezuelan distance education. Three versions of the same instructional content were employed, and 42 volunteer college students were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. Group 1 received a text in which such instructional aids as objectives, advance organizers, and exercises were interspersed with the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Developing Nations, Distance Education, Educational Media,...
The relationship between patterns of learning ability and the amount learned under different instructional conditions was studied. Scores for each of 44 Air Force trainees were obtained on several standardized tests of achievement and ability. Each subject then participated and was tested in five learning situations: (1) listening to taped presentations, (2) watching an animated film, (3) reading and working through programed instruction books, (4) manipulating laboratory equipment with a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Ability, Audiotape Recordings, Individual Characteristics, Instructional Films,...
Some of the investigations concerned with the effectiveness of different modes of responding to programed and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) are reviewed. The findings suggest that when student familiarity with program content is low, or when there is little program redundancy as determined by the blackout ratio, constructing responses leads to higher achievement. Problems with the use of the blackout ratio are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the greater effectiveness of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement, Computer Assisted Instruction, Constructed Response, Intermode...
Two variables that designers should consider when developing computer-based instruction (CBI) text screens are text density, which manipulates the context of the information presented, and screen density, which is a measurement of the amount of information presented at one time on the screen. A study on text density was designed to identify alternative methods for displaying computer text; it focused on the level of richness or detail presented in text displays, i.e., density level. A second...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Instruction, Higher Education, Instructional...
Studies which have utilized low-error-rate linear type programs have not been able to compare the effectiveness of various modes of feedback in correcting error in programed learning. In the present study using 75 university students, it was possible to correct errors without teaching erroneous material by using materials designed to teach 30 commonly misunderstood concepts in general science by means of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The five treatment groups differed only with respect...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cognitive Processes, Computer Assisted Instruction, Feedback, Intermode Differences,...
The effect of the interaction between cognitive style differences (field dependence/field independence) and various degrees of visual complexity on pictorial recall memory was explored using three sets of visuals in three different formats--line drawing, black and white, and color. The subjects were 86 undergraduate students enrolled in two core curriculum courses in a liberal arts college. They were administered Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and grouped into three levels by their...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Variance, Aptitude Treatment Interaction, Cognitive Style, Field...
A comparison was made between computer-managed instruction (CMI) and conventional instruction (CI) on measures of performance, time and attitude. The sample consisted of 167 undergraduates in a health education course at Florida State University. Of these students, 41 served as a control group and the rest were randomly assigned to one of three CMI treatments, "remedial prescription - forced mastery,""remedial prescription - forced progression," or "forced...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Instruction, Conventional...
An experiment compared the effectiveness of color and non-color (black-and-white) pictures in a paired associate learning task. The study also used individual eye movement quantifications as a predictor of preference for color and non-color pictures. Specifically, eye movement fixation patterns were used as indices of preference for color and non-color visual displays. An exploratory examination of the results of individual eye fixation preference in the experiment suggested that the total...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Audiovisual Aids, Color, Doctoral Dissertations, Intermode Differences, Learning,...
Using PLATO, a computer-assisted instruction system, a test was conducted to see if students respond most favorably to an instructional package that included no graphic display, still graphic display, or animated graphic display. Forty-five students at the Naval Training Center, San Diego, were the subjects. With the learning of the sine-ratio concept as the instructional objective, three different instructional packages were written, employed, and posttested. Scores showed that including...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Animation, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Graphics, Concept Teaching,...
A study was conducted of Tanzanian adolescent school children's responses to filmic elements. The design included a very large sample in a complicated factorial design, varying such factors as color, type of action, background and sound of the film, and the demographic characteristics of the subjects. Results showed that of these variables, comprehension was better when live action, and plain background were used, when subjects were from rural schools but with urban-experience, and when...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adolescents, Cartoons, Children, Color, Comprehension, Difficulty Level, Film Study,...
This study examined how first-year law students developed a civil rights case using an open-ended interactive videodisk ("Litigation Strategies"), which uses a visual and textual database to complement the traditional curriculum by simulating the experience of a junior partner in a law firm. An implementation and formative evaluation examined the use of two types of orienting instruction: (1) unguided (i.e., general instructions and a statement of the task); and (2) guided (i.e.,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Simulation, Formative Evaluation, Higher...
Three strategies frequently employed in individualized instruction were tested in a three-way repeated measures design that involved eight computer exercises over a period of 6 weeks. Exercises compared individual with paired study, pretests with no pretests, and serial with parallel mastery. Posttests revealed an advantage for individual study and parallel mastery, while pretesting had no lasting effect. Questionnaire preferences for paired study improved under conditions of increased...
Topics: ERIC Archive, College Students, Computer Assisted Instruction, Educational Research, Individualized...
This study determined the effects of using an instructional game and supplemental readings on student motivation as defined using the ARCS model of motivation and performance. Subjects were 75 undergraduate education majors enrolled in a required educational psychology course at a large southwestern university. All students attended a lecture on the information processing model of learning and were told to read a chapter in the textbook, "Essentials of Learning for Instruction," by...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement, Analysis of Variance, Drills (Practice), Educational Games, Higher...
