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This paper assessed the use of English language as a language of instruction (LoI) in senior primary school in Eastern Nigeria. This aimed at ascertaining if the Igbo language should be used in senior grades of primary schools in the teaching of science subjects contrary to the policy directive that the English language should be used. The possible consequences of this at this are exposed. The descriptive method was adopted as the survey research design and for the analysis of data. As sampling...
Topics: Language of Instruction, Science Subjects, Policy, Needs, Igbo Language, English Language
This guide, aimed primarily at school administrators and school counselors, is a reference manual to be used in conjunction with the corresponding sections of the School Act, RSA 2000 and the Local Authorities Election Act RSA, and any other related legislation. The document provides historical background on the right to choose the language of instruction; it outlines the francophone education regions, regional authorities, funding by the regional authorities, the transfer of assets from a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Legislation, Educational Policy, English, Foreign Countries, French,...
In Ireland, children learn Irish and perhaps another second language in school, but use English almost exclusively outside those classes. In addition, the classes most concerned with communication (i.e., language classes) are those the most empty of material about which to communicate. This experience with language learning may diminish students' perception of other languages as relevant. While it is commonly held among language teachers that they should associate language with situations...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classroom Techniques, Foreign Countries, Language of Instruction, Relevance...
Background: A linguistic mismatch between school and community creates problems in both access to school services and the quality of those services. Consideration of mother tongue is the key for making schools more inclusive for girls. Purpose: To argue that education in mother tongue results in making schools more inclusive for disadvantaged groups, especially girls and women. Findings: The use of mother tongue is linked to improvements in girls' participation in education. To make these links...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Language of Instruction, Females, Disadvantaged, Gender...
Swedish research and opinion on bilingualism, language policy, and bilingual education in Sweden is reviewed. The Swedish debate on language planning and bilingual education revolves around two perspectives: structural-functional theory and conflict theory. Swedish research consists primarily of statistical and descriptive studies rather than hypothesis testing. It is generally policy oriented and written from a structural-functional perspective. A distinction is drawn between language...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Bilingualism, Educational Policy, Educational Research,...
Intended to help teachers of English, language arts, and other subjects interpret "English Only" language issues for students, parents, and school communities, this book addresses various aspects of the controversy. Articles, listed with their authors, are as follows: (1) "The Roots of Language Protectionism" (Harvey A. Daniels); (2) "The Legal Status of English in Illinois: Case Study of a Multilingual State" (Dennis Baron): (3) "Metaphors and Motives of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cultural Context, Cultural Influences, English, Language Maintenance, Language of...
Preliminary findings of a survey of Cherokee language and education and the data collection and analysis methods are reported. The survey was designed to study language use, bilingualism, and education in the Cherokee community. The scope of the survey encompassed Cherokee children between the ages of 5 and 14 who attended public school and lived within the traditional area of the Cherokee Nation. A total of 198 children were randomly selected from eight schools within this area. Major findings...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American Indians, Bilingualism, Cherokee, Elementary Secondary Education, Language...
This paper discusses the protection of linguistic rights, focusing on the constitutional and legal experience in Europe. It addresses state plurilingualism, then examines general principles (the legal status of languages, equality, and multilingualism in representative institutions). Next, it discusses recognition of linguistic rights (the right to linguistic choice, to education, and to be attended to in the language of the citizen's choice; rights in the judicial field; and the right of a...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Civil Liberties, Foreign Countries, Language Minorities, Language of Instruction,...
The case against a "remedial" view of English as a Second Language (ESL) is presented, and an alternative approach is offered: an "enhancement" account of programs that aim to improve students' command of English in the course of an English-medium college or university education. The transition from "remedial" to "enhancement" provisions within the academic curricula at The University of Hong Kong is described and assessed. Other related issues include...
Topics: ERIC Archive, English (Second Language), Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Intellectual...
A major controversy in education in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been the choice of language for initial literacy education. It is now generally accepted by academics, education leaders, and politicians that this should be a language already spoken by the learner. Research suggests that this will contribute to better, not worse skills in English at a later point. However, another issue to be considered is the kind of language (formal or vernacular) to be taught. In early PNG colonial history,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Indigenous Populations, Language of Instruction, Language Role,...
The Irish language movement in Northern Ireland was formed in the 1970s. Pragmatic and symbolic implications of this minority language revival considerably evolved, reflecting and depending on important political changes happening in this European province. This article focuses on the representation of Irish language and the most recent strategy developed by the Irish language activists for its promotion. This article relates data collected during 1997 among Irish medium education teachers in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Irish, Language Maintenance, Language of Instruction, Language...
Methodological problems associated with the research cited by the Baker DeKanter Review of Bilingual Education (1981) are reported. The review concluded that there is little evidence supporting the need for bilingual instruction for language minority children. Given the widespread legal, fiscal, policy, and media implications of this conclusion, it is important that the evidence be analyzed. Each of the 28 studies cited to support the Baker DeKanter conclusion was analyzed in depth in regard to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Educational Policy, Educational Research, Language of...
The survey questionnaire and a description of the coding system used for analyzing the data collected in a survey of Cherokee language and education are presented. The survey was designed to study language use, bilingualism, and education in the Cherokee community. The survey encompassed 198 Cherokee children between the ages of 5 and 14 who attended public school. Findings are reported in a separate volume. The coding system was developed to categorize and assign numerical designations to the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American Indians, Bilingualism, Cherokee, Elementary Secondary Education, Language...
This digest provides a history of American bilingual education in Spanish from the late 1950's onward, to help educators serve Mexican American students. From 1958 to 1968 curriculum reforms influenced by the launch of Sputnik combined with an influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants from Cuba to effect development of bilingual programs in south Florida public schools; such programs were copied in other areas. Successful programs in Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California led to increased...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Education Programs, Educational History, Elementary...
A study investigated the questioning strategies of teachers engaged in reading instruction of either Anglo children learning to read in English (Anglo teachers) or of Spanish speaking children learning to read in both Spanish and English (bilingual teachers). Three first grade and three third grade Anglo teachers and three first grade and five third grade bilingual teachers were videotaped as they gave regular reading instruction to their students. At the third grade level, two of the bilingual...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Bilingual Teachers, Elementary Education, Language of...
The Research Institute for Higher Education (RIHE), Hiroshima University, hosted an international workshop on December 5, 2013. The theme was "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Realities and Implications." To discuss the theme, three foreign speakers, one Japanese speaker, and one commentator, were invited to speak. This volume is a summary report of the presentations given at the workshop. Following a Foreword by Fumihiro Maruyama, the following presentations are...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Higher Education, International Cooperation, Workshops, Foreign Countries, Global...
English is perceived as the language of the powerful elite as well as a tool of oppression and dehumanization. English, as the medium of instruction in South Africa, functions as the barrier to full societal participation of native speakers (Webb, 2003, p.1) and the gatekeeper of humanity. This study combines historical and qualitative methods to examine the impact of South Africa's language in education policies. The author asserts that language is used as a weapon of oppression against those...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Educational Policy, English, Language of Instruction, Social...
The relationship between schooling in the English language abroad and the subsequent acculturation and attainments of Hispanic and Asian immigrants to the United States was investigated. Data were obtained from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education. For the analysis, educational background factors were related to socioeconomic and language measures. Thirty-one percent of the Asians and 3 percent of the Hispanics reported English schooling abroad. Previous study of English produced measurable...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Acculturation, Asian Americans, Economic Status, Educational Attainment, English...
This research investigated the nature of the language and educational experiences of the Germans who emigrated to the province and later, to the state of Pennsylvania. German migration into Pennsylvania began in 1683, peaked during the years 1717 through 1754, and continued throughout the nineteenth century. The research indicated that both official and unofficial colonial and state attempts were made to Anglicize the Germans through the use of the English language in schooling for the Germans....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Culture Conflict, Diachronic Linguistics, English, German,...
A preliminary report is offered on schools that offer all or a greater part of their instruction in a language other than English. Emphasis is laid on instruction geared toward the language maintenance of ethnic communities. Language reports include the approximate number of speakers and number, distribution, and basic characteristics of schools. Some detailed reports on individual schools are included, along with a certain amount of more extensive statistical information. The language reports...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Community Schools, Cultural Pluralism, Elementary Secondary Education, Ethnic Groups,...
African schools rarely present instruction in the students' native languages. The language of instruction tends to be of European origin. What results is a civilized elite which is unsuccessful in bringing knowledge to the vast majority of the population. A project in Cameroon proposes to teach through extensive trilingualism. First, children learn reading, writing, and arithmetic via the local language. At the same time the children begin to learn one of the "official" languages,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cultural Context, Cultural Interrelationships, Developing Nations, Elementary...
Individual summaries of each of the 76 Illinois school districts with state-funded transitional bilingual education programs are presented. Each summary provides information on the number of students, language groups served, funding, grades served, staffing, number of school buildings, number of students in each language proficiency category, language tests utilized, and program highlights. In addition, more in-depth information on program variables, inservice activities, parent involvement,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education Programs, Case Studies, Elementary Secondary Education, Language...
This study analyzes how two bilingual classroom language distribution approaches affect classroom language use patterns. The two strategies, separate instruction in the two languages vs. the new concurrent language usage approach (NCA) allowing use of both languages with strict guidelines for language alternation, are observed on videotapes of a Title VII demonstration project in San Antonio, Texas. The tapes were of students in primary grades and were made during one school year. Analysis of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education Programs, English (Second Language), Language of Instruction,...
This paper examines the English language from an international perspective, highlighting its role, attainments, power, use, and cultural influence. It begins by discussing the use of English versus the use of Arabic as a language of higher education in Jordan, delineating conflicts between the two languages and defining both in terms of their advocacy and advocants. The second part presents challenges faced by language planners, educational planners, administrators, and decision makers at the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Arabic, English (Second Language), Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Language of...
Since the 1996 Oakland School Board decision regarding the use of Ebonics as a tool of instruction, opinions have clashed over whether Ebonics is a separate language or merely a dialect of English. Called Black Vernacular English (BVE) in the 1960s and 70s, African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the 1980s and 90s, (called "Ebonic", without the "s" by this author, in keeping with other language names that end in "-ic", such as Arabic and Amharic) Ebonics has...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Dialects, Educational Policy, Elementary Secondary Education, English, Language...
This presentation addresses the question of what language experiences are most appropriate for the academic instruction of children who do not speak English as a native language. The question is explored through a reanalysis of data gathered in a previous 6-year study that varied English and Tagalog instruction across grades one through six in 18 Philippino classrooms. It was concluded that (1) proficiency in English is directly related to the number of years in which it is used as the medium...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Bilingual Education, Elementary Education, English (Second...
This digest provides general information on the characteristics of English language learners (ELLs) in U.S. preschool and primary school programs and describes learning conditions and instructional practices that are most effective for educating young ELLs. The digest suggests that as young ELLs enroll in preschool and primary school programs in record numbers, educators must continually strive to provide effective, nurturing environments and developmentally and linguistically appropriate...
Topics: ERIC Archive, English (Second Language), Language of Instruction, Preschool Education, Primary...
The purpose of this study is to explain the formulation, implementation, and outcome of Ethiopia's instructional language policy in light of the PRINCE system of power analysis as adapted by Fowler (2004), along with several literature references pertinent to the issue. After providing a brief background on Ethiopia and its education and language of instruction policies, the authors analyze the formulation and implementation of Ethiopia's present instructional language policy and problems...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Educational Needs, Language Planning, Language of Instruction,...
Canada's Constitution guarantees the right to the English-speaking minority in Quebec and the French-speaking minority elsewhere in Canada to have their children receive K-12 public education in the language of the linguistic minority of that province. A working group recommended a guarantee to Francophones of a distinct right of management and control of the education of Francophones. The government of Alberta developed a model for Francophone governance, and the Francophone Governance...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Legislation, Elementary Secondary Education, English (Second Language),...
Students who study English as a Foreign Language (EFL) often already speak two or more languages. Knowing more than one language is a necessity for many people worldwide, whether it is because their parents come from different language backgrounds, because their home, regional, national, or school languages are different, or for a variety of other reasons. Knowledge of more than one language is a valuable asset when one wants to learn subsequent languages; unfortunately, multilingual students...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Assignments, Familiarity, Multilingualism, Foreign Countries, English (Second...
Like plate lunches, aloha shirts, and lei, Pidgin is an important part of local identity in Hawai'i. While some people still think of Pidgin as "broken English," many now realize that it is a distinct creole language, similar to others that have developed in multilingual environments, and call it Hawai'i Creole or HCE (Hawai'i Creole English). Pidgin is integral to the development of modern Hawai'i and therefore it is surprising that there is nothing about it in the school curriculum....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Standard Spoken Usage, Language Acquisition, Pidgins, Dialects, Creoles,...
Although there are debates in the post-method era, it is seen that the traditional methods used in teaching foreign languages continue to be used persistently in Turkey. It has been observed in the literature review that there is a method problem in foreign language teaching of Turkish; and studies have been conducted in limited number on the methods. The main purpose of this study is to present theoretical knowledge on the eclectic method considered as a method that could be used in teaching...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Teaching Methods, Turkish, Foreign Students, Foreign Countries, Second Language...
Current thinking about academic language and the variety of language appropriate to school and similar settings is discussed. Recent literature concerning academic language is explored, and common themes and significant observations that emerge when the concept is viewed from a sociological perspective are examined. The research reviewed includes investigations of language minority students' control of the English called for in the decontextualized language situations of the classroom, and the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classroom Communication, Educational Environment, Language of Instruction, Language...
This monograph describes contrasting classroom methods and experiences teaching reading in Malawi (where reading is taught through the medium of a local language) and in Zambia (where the medium used is English). In describing research carried out in Malawi and Zambia, the monograph specifically discusses the importance of the research for those policy makers in other countries who are considering comparable or related language issues. The monograph reports on reading tests carried out at years...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingualism, Chinyanja, Elementary Education, English (Second Language), Foreign...
The teacher's guide is designed to accompany video recordings (not included here) of second language classroom interactions, and used to enhance language teachers' understanding of the dynamics of target language use in the classroom. An introductory section offers arguments in support of the use of the target language and offering specific suggestions for techniques of target language use. The four subsequent parts of the guide correspond to video sequences of classroom interaction. The first...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classroom Communication, Classroom Techniques, Foreign Countries, French, German,...
The main focus of this paper is on the triangulated work of the 1996 South African Constitution, the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), and one of the latter's eleven language subsidiaries: the English National Language Body (ENLB), with special reference to the ENLB's likewise triadic projects on literature; on variation and standardisation; and on language in education. It thus deals with both macro- and micro-policy issues. My choice of title is predicated upon the proposition that...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Language Usage, Language Proficiency, Official Languages, Language...
The impact of language of instruction (Spanish or English) during elementary school on the subsequent educational achievement of Hispanic students in high school was examined. Data from the "High School and Beyond" study, a longitudinal study of 58,000 high school sophmores and seniors, were analyzed. Three types of elementary school situations were identified: the language of instruction was either predominantly English, mixed English and Spanish, or predominantly Spanish. Students...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Bilingualism, English, High School Students, Hispanic American...
This paper mainly discusses the issue of whether the English language should be attached the same importance in education as it was before in post-1997 Hong Kong. The status of English before 1997 in Hong Kong has been carefully compared from the sociolinguistic perspectives with that after Hong Kong returned to China in 1997. Both political and social, economic and technological considerations point to the fact that English will continue to be an important language in post-1997 Hong Kong. It...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, English Instruction, English (Second Language), Language...
This paper examines spatial metaphors in the English language associated with the number line, in particular metaphors of direction and motion, and how these are manifested in actual spatial practices associated with number. It considers how these metaphors are culturally influenced, and how the influences of other cultures, such as Arabic, produce inconsistencies that can contribute to confusion in the classroom. It also considers how the metaphors of number vary in some other languages, and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Figurative Language, Foreign Countries, Mathematics Instruction, English,...
One college teacher's experience with teaching Chinese literature in Chinese is described, focusing on the value of teaching literature in its original language and on the interdependence of language and literature. The course was offered to students with 3 or 4 years of college-level Chinese language instruction. Several considerations in developing such a course are noted: students with better language background appreciate the literature better, and students with lower-level language skills...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Chinese, Classroom Techniques, College Instruction, Course Descriptions, Higher...
The goal of this paper is to present an attempt to increase the quality of education in the Banal Croatia by analysing the reports sent to the Ministry of Religion and Education in Vienna by secondary school supervisor for the Banal Croatia Anton Jarc as well as the existing scholarly literature. The mentioned attempt was based on a reform of the education system which was initiated by the government in Vienna as early as 1848, but its provisions were finalized only in 1854. The paper depicts...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Educational Quality, Content Analysis, Educational Change,...
This volume contains suggested curriculum guidelines for an effective bilingual program, with specific focus on Spanish language skills for the third grade level. The philosophy of the program views bilingual education as a vehicle and pedagogical tool to be used to better prepare all children to function in society. The point of departure for formal learning and formal training is the linguistic and cultural heritage that the child brings to the school setting. A teaching methodology is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Curriculum Guides, Elementary Education, Grade 3, Language...
This report provides information designed to encourage those working in international education to directly confront "language problems" by considering the effectiveness and feasibility of initial education in the mother tongue or local language. It serves as a bridge between applied linguistics and developmental education, exploring educational limitations arising from language barriers and innovative ways in which these limitations have been addressed. It describes successful and...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Access to Education, Curriculum Development, Educational Innovation, Elementary...
In this public story, we explore challenges and affordances of learning mathematics when the learner's primary language is not the primary language of instruction. We, the authors, are Mary Truxaw, a predominantly monolingual (English, with limited Spanish) mathematics educator and Eliana Rojas, a bilingual (Spanish and English) bilingual/multicultural educator with expertise in mathematics education. We tell this story predominantly as a first-person narrative from Mary's point of view;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Affordances, Mathematics Education, Mathematics Teachers, Personal Narratives, Second...
The field of ESL in recent years has drawn much criticism from bilingual educators. This criticism is related to three areas: the former use of ESL in Americanization programs, the role of ESL in legislation providing for transitional bilingual programs, and the failure of the ESL component in certain bilingual programs, due either to the teacher, student, or evaluator factor. Certain recommendations can be made to improve the three areas mentioned. Through individual as well as group effort,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingual Education, Educational Assessment, Educational Objectives, English (Second...
Technical and vocational graduates in Ghana are often ill-equipped to become self-reliant or well-fitted into the demands of the job market. This pattern can be examined in terms of the educational language policy implementation that disregards regional linguistic needs. This seems to arise as a result of the medium of instruction that is implemented in wholesale. This paper illustrates the need for the adoption of predominant regional Ghanaian languages to be used as medium of instruction in...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Vocational Education, Educational Policy, Language of Instruction,...
This is the second progress report on the Bilingual Education Program implemented in 1973 in the Northern Territory of Australia. As of December 1974 the program includes 11 schools and 10 aboriginal languages used as medium of instruction. The topics discussed include the following: the four types of bilingual programs seen as evolving, and the appropriate approaches to each one; criteria important to the success of bilingual education; the administration of the program; the O'Grady/Hale...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Australian Aboriginal Languages, Bilingual Education, Creoles, Educational Programs,...
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) brought to the Canadian education system the right to instruction in the minority language. However, it is the province that must establish the appropriate school structures for exercise of that right. The study reported here outlines the current situation in the Canadian provinces and territories with respect to minority-language instruction and the management of educational facilities by official-language minority groups. First, it looks at...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Civil Rights, Federal Legislation, Foreign Countries, Language Minorities, Language...
Maltese and English are used as media of instruction across the curriculum in Maltese schools. It has been observed that both languages are normally used within any one lesson and, as is here illustrated by a continuum of crosslinguistic influence, they are mixed in complex ways. As within Maltese society at large, a new variety called Mixed Maltese English has emerged and is being used as a medium of instruction. This presents language teachers and language planners with a number of problems,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Bilingualism, Code Switching (Language), English, Foreign Countries, Language of...
