The Electrical Systems Development Branch of the Power Technology Division at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio is designing a Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System for the Air Force's Integrated Solar Upper Stage (ISUS) Engine Ground Test Demonstration (EGD). The ISUS program uses solar-thermal propulsion to perform orbit transfers from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) and from LEO to Molnya. The ISUS uses the same energy conversion receiver to...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), POWER CONDITIONING, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, THERMIONIC DIODES,...
The technical issues which would either seriously impact or potentially negate the integrity of a solar power satellite program are enumerated. Issues are identified not only relating to the question of engineering feasibility, but also to the equally important areas of environmental and social acceptability and, especially, economic viability. Specific information required for resolution of the issues was developed and a planned overall approach for resolution was identified. Results of these...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS, MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION, SOLAR POWER...
Power distribution subsystems are required for three elements of the SPS program: (1) orbiting satellite, (2) ground rectenna, and (3) Electric Orbiting Transfer Vehicle (EOTV). Power distribution subsystems receive electrical power from the energy conversion subsystem and provide the power busses rotary power transfer devices, switchgear, power processing, energy storage, and power management required to deliver control, high voltage plasma interactions, electric thruster interactions, and...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION, ENERGY STORAGE, POWER...
Electric motors and generators that use permarotating machinery, but aspects of control and power conditioning are also considered. The discussion is structured around three basic areas: rotating machine design considerations presents various configuration and material options, generator applications provides insight into utilization areas and shows actual hardware and test results, and motor applications provides the same type of information for drive systems.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC GENERATORS, ELECTRIC MOTORS, MAGNETS, ALLOYS, DESIGN...
The Analog Signal to Discrete Time Interval Converter microminiaturized module was utilized to control the signal conditioner power supplies. The multi-loop control provides outstanding static and dynamic performance characteristics, exceeding those generally associated with single-loop regulators. Eight converter boards, each containing three independent dc to dc converter, were built, tested, and delivered.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ANALOG CIRCUITS, DIRECT POWER GENERATORS, POWER CONDITIONING,...
Data were compiled for the purpose of evaluating the effect of power/temperature step stress when applied to a variety of semiconductor devices. The switching diode JANTX1N5554 is examined.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DIODES, ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT TESTS, POWER CONDITIONING,...
A module failure isolation circuit is described which senses and averages the collector current of each paralled inverter power transistor and compares the collector current of each power transistor the average collector current of all power transistors to determine when the sensed collector current of a power transistor in any one inverter falls below a predetermined ratio of the average collector current. The module associated with any transistor that fails to maintain a current level above...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRONIC MODULES, FAIL-SAFE SYSTEMS, INVERTERS, POWER...
Innovative control configurations using high temperature switches to operate actuator driving solenoids were studied. The impact on engine control system life cycle costs and reliability of electronic control and (ECU) heat dissipation due to power conditioning and interface drivers were addressed. Various power supply and actuation schemes were investigated, including optical signal transmission and electronics on the actuator, engine driven alternator, and inside the ECU. The use of a...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ACTUATORS, DIGITAL TECHNIQUES, ELECTRONIC CONTROL, ENGINE...
This report describes the system analysis performed on a lightweight, high-power power system. The system consists primarily of the turboalternator, rectifier/filter, and fault protection circuits. The determination of and effects from various alternator faults are described. Calculations for the filter weight and volume and a grounding and shielding scheme are presented. A design concept for a load protection crowbar is developed. Because a small, high voltage power supply is required for an...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Burkes,T R, TEXAS TECH UNIV LUBBOCK, *POWER SUPPLIES, HIGH POWER, AIRBORNE,...
A general methodology is presented which allows prediction of the overall characteristics of thrust systems employing electron-bombardment ion thrusters. Elements of the thrust system are defined and their characteristics presented in a parametric fashion. Two system approaches are evaluated where power management and control elements and thruster characteristics were substantially different. For an assumed system approach, the methodology presented predicts overall system properties, such as...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC PROPULSION, POWER CONDITIONING, PROPULSION SYSTEM...
Lewis Research Center of NASA, with support from Rocketdyne, was engaged in non-real time computer simulation effort for the Space Station Freedom Electric Power System (EPS) EASY5, a simulation package, is used as the primary tool for this activity. Early in the design of the EPS, two test beds were set up at Lewis. The Integrated Test Bed (ITB), that combines and upgrades these test beds, is in the planning stage. The test beds are designed to functionally represent many of the components of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION, ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES, SPACE...
Low cost method is described for signal conditioning of pot-type transducers utilizing printed circuitry. Conditioner fits into standard rack, accommodates 56 channels, and can be operated by one attendant.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), POTENTIOMETERS (INSTRUMENTS), POWER CONDITIONING, PRESSURE...
A digital computer simulation technique, which can be used to study such composite power-conditioning systems, was applied to a spacecraft direct-energy-transfer power-processing system. The results obtained duplicate actual system performance with considerable accuracy. The validity of the approach and its usefulness in studying various aspects of system performance such as steady-state characteristics and transient responses to severely varying operating conditions are demonstrated...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION, DIGITAL COMPUTERS, ENERGY TRANSFER,...
Various approaches to the problem of generating, maintaining and distributing a coherent, reference phase signal over a large area are suggested, mathematically modeled and analyzed with respect to their ability to minimize: phase build-up, beam diffusion and beam steering phase jitter, cable length, and maximize power transfer efficiency. In addition, phase control configurations are suggested which alleviate the need for layout symmetry.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AUTOMATIC CONTROL, PHASE CONTROL, SATELLITE SOLAR POWER...
The assessment program has as its objectives: to identify the environmental issues associated with the SPS Reference System; to prepare a preliminary assessment based on existing data; to suggest mitigating strategies and provide environmental data and guidance to other components of the program as required; and to plan long-range research to reduce the uncertainty in the preliminary assessment. The key environmental issues associated with the satellite power system are discussed and include...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS, IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES, MICROWAVE...
As part of the National Solar Energy program, the US Department of Energy is now engaged in the development of technically feasible, low cost candidate component and system technologies to the point where technical readiness can be demonstrated by 1982. The overall strategy is to pursue parallel options that continue to show promise of meeting the program goals, thus increasing the probability that at least one technology will be successful. Included in technology development are both flat...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CONCENTRATORS, ENERGY POLICY, PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, RESEARCH...
The act provides that utilities must purchase power for qualifying producers of electricity at nondiscriminatory rates. It exempts private generators from virtually all state and federal utility regulation. Pertinent reference material is provided.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, LAW (JURISPRUDENCE), POWER...
The circuit presented is simple and small enough to be included in a typical battery charge/power control assembly, yet provides the advantage of a complete ground-type battery reconditioning discharge. Test results on the circuit when used to recondition two 24 cell, 20 A-h nickel-cadmium batteries are given. These results show that a battery reconditioned with this circuit returns to greater than 90 percent of its original capacity (greater than nameplate capacity) and follows a typical new...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CIRCUITS, NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES, POWER CONDITIONING, LOW...
A solar photovoltaic satellite based upon the utilization of a GaAlAs solar cell is defined. Topics covered include silicon-based photovoltaics, solar thermal power conversion, microwave energy transmission, power distribution, structures, attitude control and stationkeeping, thermal, and information management and control.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION, POWER CONDITIONING, SATELLITE SOLAR...
A high frequency, multiple output power conditioner was developed and breadboarded using an eight-stage capacitor diode voltage multiplier to provide +1200 Vdc, and a three-stage for -350 Vdc. In addition, two rectifier bridges were capacitively coupled to the eight-stage multiplier to obtain 0.5 and 0.65 a dc constant current outputs referenced to +1200 Vdc. Total power was 120 watts, with an overall efficiency of 85 percent at the 80 kHz operating frequency. All outputs were regulated to...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MULTIPLIERS, POWER CONDITIONING, VOLTAGE CONVERTERS (DC TO...
Recent proposals and the literature show promise of fuel cells being commercially available in the next decade. We searched the literature to determine the current state of fuel cell technology, to determine if fuel cells can be used by the U.S. Coast Guard, and to make proposals for possible research and development efforts by the Coast Guard. Alkaline and phosphoric acid fuel cell technologies are now technically capable of full scale commercial production. Molten Carbonate and Solid Oxide...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Barrett, Tony J, COAST GUARD WASHINGTON DC OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, *FUEL...
Report of the design, fabrication and test of Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for Dual Mode Electro/Pneumatic Actuator. Integration tests establish control capability of ECU in both pneumatic and electric modes. Closed-loop operation fully implemented in design. Evaluation restricted to open-loop due to limited actuator performance.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Himich, James, BENDIX CORP TETERBORO NJ FLIGHT SYSTEMS DIV, *PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS,...
A habitat demonstration unit (HDU) was constructed at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) and designed by a multicenter NASA team led out of NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The HDU was subsequently utilized at the 2010 Desert Research and Technology Studies (RATS) program held at the Black Point Lava Flow in Arizona. This report describes the power system design, installation and operation for the HDU. The requirements for the power system were to provide 120 VAC, 28 VDC, and 120 VDC power to the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DESERTS, LOADS (FORCES), REAL TIME OPERATION, ENERGY...
The market potential in the Philippines for stand alone photovoltaic (P/V) systems in agriculture was assessed. Applications include: irrigation, postharvest operation, food and fiber processing and storage, and livestock and fisheries operations. Power and energy use profiles for many applications as well as assessments of business, government and financial climate for P/V sales are described. Many characteristics of the Philippine agriculture and energy sector favorably influence the use of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AGRICULTURE, ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, MANAGEMENT...
A design study was made on a rotary transformer for transferring electrical power across a rotating spacecraft interface. The analysis was performed for a 100 KW, 20 KHz unit having a ""pancake'' geometry. The rotary transformer had a radial (vertical) gap and consisted of 4-25 KW modules. It was assumed that the power conditioning comprised of a Schwarz resonant circuit with a 20 KHz switching frequency. The rotary transformer, mechanical and structural design, heat rejection system...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DESIGN ANALYSIS, ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION, MAGNETIC CORES,...
A technique is described in which a spacecraft solar-cell array is caused to operate at or near maximum power output over a wide range of environmental conditions. The output of an array temperature sensor is used to vary the duty cycle of a pulse-width-modulated impedance regulator so that the array operates at the voltage of maximum power. A resistance-type temperature sensor was found to be applicable for most spacecraft missions. However, a solar cell used as a temperature sensor has the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), POWER CONDITIONING, SOLAR CELLS, SPACECRAFT POWER SUPPLIES,...
A comprehensive, generalized two-dimensional RTG analysis computer program was developed. This program is capable of analyzing any specified RTG design under a wide range of transient as well as steady-state operating conditions. The feasibility of a new concept for the design of segmented (or single-phase) thermoelectric couples was demonstrated. A SiGe-PbTe segmented couple involving pressure contacted junctions at the intermediate- and hot-junction temperatures was successfully encapsulated...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), COMPUTER PROGRAMS, POWER CONDITIONING, TEMPERATURE PROFILES,...
The development of solid state technology for solar power satellite systems is briefly addressed. The economic advantages of solid state based systems are listed along with some conclusions and issues regarding specific design concepts.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION, SATELLITE POWER TRANSMISSION, SOLID...
Characteristics of several advanced electric propulsion systems are evaluated and compared. The propulsion systems studied are mass driver, rail gun, MPD thruster, hydrogen free radical thruster and mercury electron bombardment ion engine. These are characterized by specific impulse, overall efficiency, input power, average thrust, power to average thrust ratio and average thrust to dry weight ratio. Several important physical characteristics such as dry system mass, accelerator length, bore...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRIC PROPULSION, ION ENGINES, MASS DRIVERS, RAILGUN...
System tests were performed in which Integrally Regulated Solar Arrays (IRSA's) were used to directly power the beam and accelerator loads of a 30-cm-diameter, electron bombardment, mercury ion thruster. The remaining thruster loads were supplied from conventional power-processing circuits. This combination of IRSA's and conventional circuits formed a hybrid power processor. Thruster performance was evaluated at 3/4- and 1-A beam currents with both the IRSA-hybrid and conventional power...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ION PROPULSION, MERCURY ION ENGINES, POWER CONDITIONING,...
Methods and algorithms used for the simulation of elementary power conditioning units buck, boost, and buck-boost, as well as shunt PWM are described. Definitions are given of similar converters and reduced parameters. The various parts of the simulation to be carried out are dealt with; local stability, corrective network, measurements of input-output impedance and global stability. A simulation example is given.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DIGITAL SIMULATION, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, POWER CONDITIONING,...
The identified subsystem/systems requirements are defined for the solar power satellites. Recommendations for alternate approaches which may represent improved design features are presented.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION, SATELLITE SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION,...
The present investigation deals with the implementation of open-loop up-link power control using a beacon signal in the down-link frequency band as the control parameter. A power control system was developed and tested using the ACTS satellite. ACTS carries beacon signals in both up- and down-link bands with which the relationship between the up- and down-link fading can be established. A power controlled carrier was transmitted to the ACTS satellite from a NASA operated ground station and the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION, DOWNLINKING, EXTREMELY HIGH...
NASA Glenn Research Center is developing a 5/10-kW ion engine for a broad range of mission applications. Simultaneously, a 5-kW breadboard poster processing unit is being designed and fabricated. The design includes a beam supply consisting of four 1.1 kW power modules connected in parallel, equally sharing the output current. A novel phase-shifted/pulse-width-modulated dual full-bridge topology was chosen for its soft-switching characteristics. The proposed modular approach allows scalability...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ION ENGINES, POWER CONDITIONING, ELECTRIC PROPULSION, SYSTEMS...
The NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) program, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is currently developing a high performance, simplified ion propulsion system. This propulsion system, which is throttleable from 0.5- to 2.3-kW output power to the thruster, targets primary propulsion applications for planetary and Earth-space missions and has been baselined as the primary propulsion system for the first New Millennium spacecraft. The NASA Lewis...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ION PROPULSION, ROCKET ENGINES, POWER CONDITIONING, WEIGHT...
The Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is a modular facility for materials research in the microgravity environment of the Space Station Freedom (SSF). The SSFF is designed for crystal growth and solidification research in the fields of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics, and will allow for experimental determination of the role of gravitational forces in the solidification process. The facility will provide a capability for basic scientific...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), FURNACES, SPACE STATION FREEDOM, SPACECRAFT MODULES, CONTROL...
Addressed is a class of resonant power processing equipment designed to be used in an integrated high frequency (20 KHz domain), utility power system for large, multi-user spacecraft and other aerospace vehicles. It describes a hardware approach, which has been the basis for parametric and physical data used to justify the selection of high frequency ac as the PMAD baseline for the space station. This paper is part of a larger effort undertaken by NASA and General Dynamics to be sure that all...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), HIGH FREQUENCIES, LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES, POWER CONDITIONING,...
The initial design and evaluation of a 5 kW arcjet power electronics breadboard which as been integrated with a modified 1 kW design laboratory arcjet is presented. A single stage, 5 kW full bridge, pulse width modulated (PWM), power converter was developed which was phase shift regulated. The converter used metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) power switches and incorporated current mode control and an integral arcjet pulse ignition circuit. The unoptimized power...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ARC JET ENGINES, BREADBOARD MODELS, ELECTRIC BRIDGES, POWER...
The design and performance of a spacecraft employing arcjet nuclear electric propulsion, suitable for use in the SP-100 Space Reactor Power System (SRPS) Flight Experiment, are outlined. The vehicle design is based on a 93 kW(e) ammonia arcjet system operating at an experimentally measured specific impulse of 1031 s and an efficiency of 42.3 percent. The arcjet/gimbal assemblies, power conditioning subsystem, propellant feed system, propulsion system thermal control, spacecraft diagnostic...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MISSION PLANNING, NASA SPACE PROGRAMS, NUCLEAR ROCKET...
EOL power estimates for solar array designs are significantly influenced by the predicted degradation due to charged particle radiation. New radiation-induced power degradation data for GaAs/Ge solar arrays applicable to missions ranging from low earth orbit (LEO) to geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) and compares these results to silicon BSF/R arrays. These results are based on recently published radiation damage coefficients for GaAs/Ge cells. The power density ratio (GaAs/Ge to Si BSF/R) was...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EARTH ORBITS, RADIANT FLUX DENSITY, RADIATION DAMAGE, SOLAR...
Developments in programs managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Office of Telecommunications and Data Acquisition are discussed. Topics discussed include sorption compression/mechanical expanded hybrid refrigeration, calculated 70-meter antenna performance for offset L-band, systolic arrays and stack decoding, and calibrations of Deep Space Network antennas.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DEEP SPACE NETWORK, ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE, FIBER OPTICS,...
The progress is described of the development of a 1 W, 30 GHz, coplanar waveguide (CPW) amplifier for the Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS)Small Terminal Uplink. The amplifier is based on Texas Instruments' monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers; a three stage, low power amplifier, and a single stage, high power amplifier. The amplifiers have a power output of 190 mW and 0.710 W, gain of 23 and 4.2 dB, and efficiencies of 30.2 and 24 percent for the three...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, MICROWAVE CIRCUITS, POWER AMPLIFIERS,...
The Space Station Freedom Electric Power System (EPS) will convert solar energy into electric energy and distribute the same using an 'all dc', Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System. Power conditioning devices (dc to dc converters) are needed to interconnect parts of this system operating at different nominal voltage levels. Operation of such devices could generate under damped oscillations (instability) under certain conditions. Criteria for instability are examined and verified for...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES, POWER CONDITIONING, SOLAR ENERGY,...
An axisymmetric, multistage, depressed collector of fixed geometric design was evaluated in conjunction with an octave bandwidth, dual mode traveling wave tube (TWT). The TWT was operated over a wide range of conditions to simulate different applications. The collector performance was optimized (within the constraint of fixed geometric design) over the range of TWT operating conditions covered. For operation of the TWT in the linear, low distortion range, 90 percent and greater collector...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTRON BEAMS, ELECTRON ENERGY, ENERGY CONVERSION...
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Wind tunnel magnetic suspension and balance systems (MSBSs) have so far failed to find application at the large physical scales necessary for the majority of aerodynamic testing. Three areas of technology relevant to such application are investigated. Two variants of the Spanwise Magnet roll torque generation scheme are studied. Spanwise Permanent Magnets are shown to be practical and are experimentally demonstrated. Extensive computations of the performance of the Spanwise Iron Magnet scheme...
Topics: ATTITUDE CONTROL, POWER CONDITIONING, SAFETY, SOLAR ARRAYS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, ENERGY STORAGE,...
Discussions are presented on apparent deficiencies in NASA planning and technology development relating to a standard power module (25-35 kW) and to future photovoltaic power systems in general. Topics of discussion consider the following: (1) adequate studies on power systems; (2) whether a standard power system module should be developed from a standard spacecraft; (3) identification of proper approaches to cost reduction; (4) energy storage avoidance; (5) attitude control; (6) thermal...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, SPACECRAFT MODULES, SPACECRAFT POWER...
A first generation open cycle Brayton engine concept for use in full scale solar module testing was defined. The concept extended to include solar/fossil hybrid capability. The combustion system defined for hybrid operation consists of a wide range combustor liner, a single airblast atomizer, an ignitor and a high-voltage ignition unit. Wide range combustor operation would be achieved through combining pilot and primary zones. The hybrid control mode and the solar only control mode are both...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BRAYTON CYCLE, ENGINE DESIGN, GAS TURBINES, HYBRID...
The dynamic response of a solar generator is of primary importance as much for the design and development of electrical power conditioning hardware as for the analysis of electromagnetic compatibility. A mathematical model of photo-batteries was developed on the basis of impedance measurements performed under differing conditions of temperature, light intensity, before and after irradiation. This model was compared with that derived from PN junction theory and to static measurements. These...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DYNAMIC RESPONSE, ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, MEASURE AND...
This report describes the selection, sizing, and optimization of energy storage/power conditioning systems (ES/PC) for the electromagnetic propulsion systems. An ES/PC is the interface between an electromagnetic thruster and a primary power source. The ES/PC accepts the relatively low, continuous power output from the primary power source, and converts it to a series of high power pulses and delivers it to the thruster. THe ES/PC minimizes the primary power requirements while maximizing the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Challita,A, IAP RESEARCH INC DAYTON OH, *ENERGY CONVERSION, *POWER CONDITIONING,...
This thesis examined three primary components of the electrical power subsystem (EPS) for the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT): (1) the solar array; (2) the power conditioning and control subsystem (PCCS); and (3) the batteries. The emphasis of this thesis was to analyze the output performance of the solar array. Additionally, the derivation of the hybrid PCCS proposed for the EPS was examined and the use of Nickel-Cadmium batteries as a candidate for the secondary power source was...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hand, Gregory F, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *SOLAR CELLS, *ELECTRIC...
