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Sep 8, 2016
09/16
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Abdel Salam A. El-Koumy
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the holistic approach, as compared to the segregated-skill approach, on the quantity and quality of EFL students' academic writing. The subjects for the study were 64 graduates enrolled in the Special Diploma in Education at the School of Education in Suez during the second semester of the 2001/2002 academic year. These subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group. At the beginning...
Topics: Holistic Approach, Writing skills, Educational Theories, Pretests Posttests, Teaching Methods
This guidebook is one in the Target Topic Series developed to highlight issues and concerns related to effective community education operation. It is intended for the community educator and community education advisory council member who wish to gain a better understanding of advisory councils. The material provides a framework for advisory councils in community education. A pretest covers material discussed in the guidebook. The guidebook explores the background and reasons for councils; looks...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adult Education, Advisory Committees, Community Education, Organization, Pretests...
Exploring the relationship between strategy training and the child's apparent knowledge, this study assessed (1) whether the effects of rehearsal training without added metamnemonic feedback would be evident one week after training, and (2) the effects of specific training upon more general metamnemonic awareness. Initially 40 children 6 years of age participated in the study. Each subject was administered a serial recall task and was measured on overt rehearsal and success in the recall task....
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Metacognition, Mnemonics, Pretests Posttests, Recall (Psychology),...
This report concerns the effects of prequestion and postquestion formats in prose learning in computer-assisted instruction. Five experimental groups studied a set of eight passages under different prequestion-postquestion combinations. Twenty-five subjects, volunteers with high school degrees, were randomly assigned to each group. A final retention test had 32 items classified along two dimensions: one dependant on whether the inserted text questions prompted attention to the item, and the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Learning Processes, Pretesting, Pretests Posttests,...
The study was undertaken to develop a practical method of adjusting changes (between pretest and posttest) in self-report scores of self-concept for concurrent changes in defensiveness. Data were drawn from a population of teachers and paraprofessionals in training, or independent subscales of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Changes prior to adjustment were not statistically significant on either the self-concept or the defensiveness scale. However, when changes for each subject on the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Adults, Measurement Techniques, Pretesting, Pretests Posttests, Self Concept, Self...
This summary reports in statistical form the accuracy and use of the tests of the Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) project in all schools in which it has been implemented. Tests examined include the placement tests, unit pretests, prescriptions, curriculum-embedded tests, and posttests. (SP)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Diagnostic Teaching, Diagnostic Tests, Individualized Instruction, National Surveys,...
Analysis strategies are discussed for the nonequivalent control group design when three models of continuous natural growth are known. For Model I type natural growth it was shown that the fan spread hypothesis always holds, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of Residualized Gain Scores, and ANOVA of Standardized Change Scores all are potentially correct analysis strategies. For Model II and Model III type natural growth it was shown that the fan spread hypothesis...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, Mathematical Models, Pretests...
This study compares the effectiveness of three methods of teaching object names to young children. These methods were (1) informal play, in which an adult named and described those objects with which a child played; (2) picture reading, in which an adult named and described objects depicted in photographs; and (3) a combination of the first and second methods. A fourth condition (control) was included to compare the amount of spontaneous learning which occurred. Fifteen children (mean age 20...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Infants, Pictorial Stimuli, Play, Preschool Education, Pretests Posttests, Teaching...
This book of posttests is designed to accompany the Engine Tune-Up Service Student Guide for Unit 3, Primary Circuit, available separately as CE 031 211. Focus of the posttests is setting the primary ignition circuit. One multiple choice posttest is provided, covering the eight performance objectives contained in the unit. (No answer key is provided.) (YLB)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Auto Mechanics, Electric Batteries, Electric Circuits, Engines, Pretests Posttests,...
Developed during a 1968 summer institute for assisting educators of Evanston, Illinois school District 65 to develop some common understandings about crucial integration issues, this set of instructional materials on "Power to Black Power" forms one of a series of teacher "Unipacs." The specific purpose of this Unipac is to help students understand the concept of power and power structures, and, thus, Black power, ultimately. For full abstract for the teacher Unipac series,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Black Power, Instructional Materials, Pretesting, Pretests...
This book of posttests is designed to accompany the Engine Tune-Up Service Student Guide for Unit 6, Emission Control Systems, available separately as CE 031 220. Focus of the posttests is inspecting, testing, and servicing emission control systems. One multiple choice posttest is provided that covers the seven performance objectives contained in the unit. (No answer keys are provided.) (YLB)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Auto Mechanics, Engines, Postsecondary Education, Pretests Posttests, Secondary...
This workbook presents three evaluation exercises that can be used by workshop directors to plan, implement, and evaluate workshops. The first exercise is deemed most helpful when the workshop objectives are only half-formed. Exercise 2, for cases in which workshop participants have been identified, helps the workshop director ensure that the objectives and needs analysis are relevant. Exercise 3 is designed to help pinpoint learner benefits--where learner refers to students taught by teachers...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Evaluation Methods, Inservice Teacher Education, Pretests Posttests, Self Evaluation,...
Researchers have long been aware that "pretest sensitization" is a potential threat to the external validity of experimental studies. Only recently, however, has it been suggested that "posttest sensitization" might also limit the generalizability of results. This latter phenomenon would exist to the extent that the effects of a treatment are latent and appear only when a posttest is administered. Under this condition, the treatment would work differently for subjects in the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Experiments, Pretests Posttests, Quasiexperimental Design, Research...
The study of linear functions is important as it provides students with their first experience of identifying and interpreting the relationship between two dependent variables. This paper, which builds on previous research, reports a study undertaken with 64 year 9 students from two Australian schools. Linear functions were introduced to these students through a graphics calculator supported, functional approach to modelling contextual problems. The teaching was generally successful. Scrutiny...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Expectation, Foreign Countries, Graphing Calculators, Mathematics Instruction,...
At many postsecondary institutions, there are two levels of first-year courses: a "standard" course in which most students enroll; and a "remedial" course for academically underprepared students. This paper is concerned with determining whether taking a remedial course increases the cognitive skills that students need to succeed in a standard course. The paper describes some effectiveness indicators based on data from posttesting students (i.e., testing them after they have...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Gains, College Students, Higher Education, Pretests Posttests, Remedial...
A classroom test is a work sample of all the behaviors the student must master in a given curriculum or part of the curriculum. Student performance on this sample enables the teacher to generalize concerning progress and mastery in the portion from which the sample is drawn. Each behavior to be mastered demands a suitable test or test items specially designed to measure the behavior. The role of achievement testing constitutes the matter of this second in a series of five volumes designed to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Tests, Behavioral Objectives, Individualized Instruction, Knowledge...
The characteristics of missing data in statistical analysis are outlined, and techniques to deal with missing data are explored using a real data set that contained pretest and posttest measures of kindergarten children. In the first part of the investigation, randomly created missing values for 5%, 10%, 20%, and 25% of the sample were supplied for a sample that originally had no missing values. Four missing data techniques (listwise deletion, mean substitution, adjustment-cell mean imputation,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Research, Evaluation Methods, Kindergarten Children, Pretests Posttests,...
The Elementary Secondary Education Act Title IV-C Bilingual Project instituted in the Detroit (Michigan) Public Schools consisted of two bilingual learning centers at a target school which served 114 students in grades one through five during the 1978-1979 school year. Materials and assistance were also offered to a parochial school. A total of six product objectives related to student outcomes and two process objectives related to instructional variables were identified as the goals of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Bilingual Education, Elementary Education, Pretests Posttests,...
Computer assisted test construction (CATC) is a new testing technique that seems to provide ease and flexibility for faculty members and students. The purpose of this paper was to verify that student test scores are not adversely affected by implementation of CATC. Two sections of a basic course in cataloging were tested for one semester. One section of 30 students was used as a control group while the other 20 students served as the experimental group. The students were pre-tested and then...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Computer Assisted Instruction, Item Banks, Library Education, Pretesting, Pretests...
This collection of workshop materials demonstrates how to develop learning modules through examples, illustrations, explanations, case studies, comparisons diagnosis, and prognosis. For the projected workshop, a module is defined as a modularized learning activity package composed of objectives, pretest, learning environments, and posttest. The author states that the term "modularized" stresses the relationship to school philosophy, end product, level objectives, and curriculum. It is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Instructional Materials, Learning, Learning Activities, Learning Modules, Objectives,...
In three Iowa secondary schools, pretests/posttests were completed by 75 physics students, 24 second-year Principles of Technology (PT) students, and 61 controls. Physics and PT students significantly increased achievement in content covered in PT; controls had no gains. PT students' raw scores were 16 points higher on the posttest than physics students'. (SK)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Achievement Tests, High Schools, Physics, Pretests Posttests,...
The one group posttest only evaluation model has been identified as a relatively inexpensive and useful model that can identify program components that are not being successful. The use of the model is discussed and illustrated through a hypothetical evaluation of a compensatory (Chapter 1) program. The one group posttest only evaluation model makes it possible to evaluate a compensatory program when there is no available comparison group and no pretest data are available. The design is...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Compensatory Education, Control Groups, Evaluation Methods, Models, Pretests...
Developed during a 1968 summer institute for assisting educators of Evanston, Illinois School District 65 to develop some common understandings about crucial integration issues, this set of instructional materials on "Who's the Goat" forms one of a series of teacher "Unipacs." The specific purpose of this Unipac is to help promote integration of blacks and whites. For full abstract for the teacher Unipac series, see UD 010 461. For another of the teacher Unipac series, see...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Black Attitudes, Desegregation Methods, Desegregation Plans, Instructional Materials,...
Research for Better Schools and a Maryland county school district developed a school improvement program to examine the relationship between the program and subsequent improvement. The program involved a self-assessment survey, choosing goals for the following year, assigning a committee of practitioners to lead the program, executing the plan created by the committee, and completing the self-assessment survey at the end of the school year to analyze the amount of improvement. The Dimensions of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Educational Improvement, Elementary Secondary Education, Evaluation Criteria,...
This report describes a pilot study conducted to evaluate the instructional effectiveness of the Steck-Vaughn Phonics Program: Level A-Units 3 and 4 and Level B-Units 2 and 3. The Educational Research Institute of America (ERIA) identified volunteer teachers to participate, designed the assessments, and analyzed the collected data. Because the focus was on the program's primary levels, it was limited to Grades 1 and 2; Level A-Units 3 and 4 were used in first grade, while Level B-Units 2 and 3...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Instructional Effectiveness, Phonics, Pilot Projects, Pretests Posttests, Primary...
Societal acceptance of polarized discourse poses challenges for communication professors engaged in teaching ethical public speaking processes to undergraduates. This study explores how creating caring and safe environments for the discussion of difficult dialogues is paramount to creating civil and reasoned discourse that can address issues of moral conflict. It involved one civil public discourse course in which the goal is to instill a deeper understanding of the necessity of ethical public...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Classroom Research, Course Objectives, Higher Education, Pretests Posttests, Public...
A research design is described for the situation in which a program, particularly a compensatory education program funded by Chapter 1 of the Hawkins Stafford Act of 1988, can be evaluated when there is no available comparison group and no pretest data. The design requires content specialists to identify which objectives on the posttest were included in the compensatory curriculum (C objectives) and which were included only in the regular curriculum (R objectives). Compensatory students should...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Compensatory Education, Elementary Secondary Education, Evaluation Methods, Pretests...
This study focuses upon Thomas Gordon's Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET) as it affects student attitudes. Of the 104 third, fourth and fifth graders who participated in the study, 48 were students of teachers who volunteered to participate in a TET workshop and agreed to use the TET model throughout the school year. The remaining 56 students (of teachers not trained in TET) served as a control group. In September, 1977, during the second and third week of classes all subjects were given the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Elementary School Students, Measures (Individuals), Models, Pretests Posttests,...
The effects of instructional treatments are most often evaluated on the basis of an analysis of posttests given immediately following the completion of the instruction. In order to compare the relative effectiveness of different methods of instruction, it is also useful to know something about the retention effects of various instructional treatments. Interpretation of the effect different teaching methods have on retention must be based, not merely on performance on the delayed posttest, but...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Educational Research, Pretests Posttests, Retention...
A POST-TEST WAS USED TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO METHODS OF TEACHING THE USE OF "WEBSTER'S SEVENTH NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY." STUDENTS IN ONE SECTION OF A READING AND VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT COURSE WERE GIVEN A PROGRAMED LEARNING SEQUENCE FOR STUDYING DICTIONARY USAGE AND WERE TOLD THAT THEY WOULD BE TESTED PERIODICALLY ON THE MATERIAL IN THE DICTIONARY'S EXPLANATORY NOTES AND ON THE PROGRAM CONTENT. IN ANOTHER SECTION STUDENTS WERE TOLD ABOUT THE TESTS, AND, ON THE DAY BEFORE...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Conventional Instruction, Dictionaries, Experimental Teaching, Pretests Posttests,...
The present study sought to discover the effects on delayed retention of two different degrees of quality of initial instruction for two different amounts of learning time; which combination of quality and time is most likely to be achieved in normal school situations; and the implications for those who design instructional materials. Two programed texts, one superior to the other in the quality of produced level of initial learning, were prepared and administered to 120 high school seniors...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement, Instructional Programs, Intelligence, Learning, Pretests Posttests,...
A special case of the homogeneity of effect size test, as applied to pairwise comparisons of standardized mean differences, was evaluated. Procedures for comparing pairs of pretest to posttest effect sizes, as well as pairs of treatment versus control group effect sizes, were examined. Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate Type I error rates and power values for tests of the differences in independent effect sizes based on both the "g" and "d" methods. Type I error...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Comparative Analysis, Effect Size, Monte Carlo Methods, Pretests Posttests,...
A study was conducted to determine the educational value and effectiveness of a one-credit library research course offered since 1981 at Slippery Rock University (SRU) in Pennsylvania. The course is based on a workbook adapted from the one used at Pennsylvania State University and students are required to complete workbook exercises and to compile a bibliography on 1 of a possible 25 topics. Based on t-test analysis of pretest and posttest results from an experimental group and a control group...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Libraries, Higher Education, Library Instruction, Library Skills, Pretests...
To determine whether modeling of infant care by males would increase young boys' interest in babies, a study was conducted with up to 34 white, middle-class children who attended a university day care center and who ranged in age from 2 to 6 years. Procedures involved 3 days of pretest data collection, 4 weeks of treatment presentation, and 3 posttest observation days. Three white babies served as stimulus infants. Baseline data on children's attention to a playpen were gathered under three...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Childhood Interests, Infants, Modeling (Psychology), Preschool Children, Preschool...
The purpose of this study was to field test an instrument incorporating a retrospective pretest to determine whether it could reliably be used as an evaluation tool for a professional development conference. Based on a prominent evaluation taxonomy, the instrument provides a practical, low-cost approach to evaluating the quality of professional development interventions across a wide variety of disciplines. The instrument includes not only the questions typically associated with measuring...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Pretests Posttests, Field Tests, Professional Development, Evaluation, Intervention,...
The purpose of this study is to contribute to research regarding the Application of Cognitive Functions Scale (ACFS; C. Lidz and R. Jepsen, 1997), a newly developed dynamic assessment approach for the assessment of preschool children. The ACFS assesses the ability of children to apply their cognitive functions in areas that are related to the development of foundations for successful school achievement. This study examined the theory of dynamic assessment and reviewed the literature on dynamic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Achievement, Cognitive Processes, Preschool Children, Preschool Education,...
The Solomon four-group design (R. Solomon, 1949) is a very useful experimental design to investigate the main effect of a pretest and the interaction of pretest and treatment. Although the design was proposed half a century ago, no proper data analysis techniques have been available. This paper describes how data from the Solomon four-group design can be analyzed properly using maximum likelihood regression analysis. The results show that both the parameter estimators and the expressions for...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Maximum Likelihood Statistics, Outcomes of Treatment, Pretests...
One in a series of core instructional materials for apprentices to use during the first or second years of apprentice-related subjects training, this booklet deals with basic physical science. The first section consists of an outline of the content and scope of the core materials as well as a self-assessment pretest. Covered in the four instructional chapters included in the booklet are the relationship among work, power, and energy; mechanical energy and mechanics; heat energy; and electrical...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Apprenticeships, Career Education, Electricity, Energy, Heat, Mechanics (Physics),...
In recent years, assessment of what is actually learned or accomplished in a college career has gained increasing attention. An instructor of a weather and climate geography course at Illinois State University constructed a 25-question multiple choice test in order to develop a method of assessing what his students learned during the course. The tests were administered to each section of the course on the first day of classes and again on the last day of classes. Because not all students who...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Climate, Geography, Geography Instruction, Higher Education, Pretests Posttests,...
Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects of four weeks cardio-Pilates exercise program on physical characteristics in females. Material and methods: The total 40 female participants were tested before and after four weeks regular exercise of 3 × 1 hr. sessions/week. Body height and weight, waist and hip circumferences, body fat percent and weight were measured. To test the differences, a paired t-test was used. Results: This study showed that cardio-Pilates exercise program...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Physical Characteristics, Exercise, Females, Body Weight, Foreign Countries, Pretests...
This book of posttests is designed to accompany the Engine Tune-Up Service Student Guide for Unit 5, Fuel and Carburetion Systems; available separately as CE 031 217. Focus of the posttests is the inspecting and servicing of the fuel and carburetion systems. One multiple choice posttest is provided that covers the 10 performance objectives contained in the unit. (No answer keys are provided.) (YLB)
Topics: ERIC Archive, Auto Mechanics, Engines, Fuels, Motor Vehicles, Postsecondary Education, Pretests...
The purpose of this study was to determine if the sequential method of teaching art skills (Brookes, 1986) could improve the success of intermediate grade school art students. Students were required to draw pictures of still life. A between groups pre-posttest crossover design was used to compare and evaluate the quality of perspective drawings before and after training. The results indicated significant improvement in the drawing skills of elementary students after they had been taught with...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Grade 6, Control Groups, Art Education, Pretests Posttests, Visual Perception, Snow,...
Perspective-taking is an ability that requires a child to emit a selection response of informational states in himself or herself and in others. This study used an extended version of the Barnes-Holmes protocol developed in a series of studies by McHugh, Barnes-Holmes, and Barnes-Holmes (2004) to teach typically developing children between the ages of 6-11 perspective-taking skills. The present demonstrational study used a multiple probe design to evaluate the participants' abilities to...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Perspective Taking, Children, Generalization, Social Cognition, Relationship, Child...
A meta-analysis of 29 separate studies investigating pretest effects was conducted. Outcomes of the studies (achievement gains or attitude improvements) were computed as standardized differences between pretested and non-pretested groups. Eleven other variables were coded for each outcome. Initial descriptive statistics were indicative of differences between randomized and nonrandomized studies, so all further analyses were based on the 110 randomized group outcomes. For all outcomes, the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Achievement Gains, Attitude Change, Control Groups, Experimental Groups, Pretests...
This study aims to determine the effect of a listening education course on the listening behaviors of prospective Turkish teachers. The participants of the study are 45 prospective teachers who are studying at a state university in Istanbul and taking a listening education course. The study is an experimental study in the model of "one group pre-test-post-test." The "Listening Skills Scale" course developed by Cihangir Cankaya (2012) was applied to the prospective teachers...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Countries, Preservice Teachers, Listening, Education Courses, Pretests...
The present study explored the delay discounting of future and past monetary rewards by pathological gamblers. Using a multiple baseline design, following repeated exposure to choices between smaller immediate and larger delayed consequences, participants completed a relational responding task that attempted to alter the psychological functions of irrelevant stimuli and to affect subsequent delay discounting. Results support previous literature on the discounting of delayed consequences by...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Rewards, Games, Probability, Debt (Financial), Stimuli, Delay of Gratification,...
Evaluation instruments to assess existing attitudes and interests concerning the environment are compiled. Baseline data will be gathered from teachers, administrators, parents, and community members through a set of four pretests administered prior to initiation of the Interlakes Environmental and Outdoor Education Project. All instruments serve to determine the attitudes, interests, enthusiasms, knowledges, and anticipations of the specific groups. In addition, survey instrument number 1,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrators, Attitudes, Community Leaders, Environmental Education, Evaluation,...
A study was conducted to determine: (1) the extent to which changes of self-report scores (between pretest and post-test) on a measure of defensiveness were related to changes of self-report scores (between pretest and post-test) on a measure of self-concept; and (2) if changes of self-report scores on a measure of defensiveness as covariates would significantly adjust changes of self-report scores on a measure of self-concept. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was used; the (openness to)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American Indians, Pretesting, Pretests Posttests, Psychological Characteristics,...
This three year project was designed to provide staff development to principals, vice principals and other school administration special education issues relating to the implementation of Public Law 94-142. In 1979, sixty-three administrators participated in a week long summer workshop, during which project staff and speakers from within the Division of Special Education presented topics such as: discussions on Public Law 94-142; due process in Special Education; Child Study Evaluation Team...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Administrators, Elementary Secondary Education, Pretests Posttests, Program...
Five models are introduced for the factor analytic treatment of a set of measures obtained for the same sample of persons on two different occasions. The models differ in terms of the assumptions made regarding the constancy of the (1) factor (actually component) score and (2) factor pattern matrices from occasion 1 to 2. Least-squares procedures are developed for the estimation of the component scores and patterns under four of the models; canonical correlation procedures are developed for the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Correlation, Data Analysis, Design Requirements, Factor Analysis, Longitudinal...
