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Characteristics of two-axis antenna mounting system for maximal slanted satellite tracking
Topics: ANTENNA DESIGN, SATELLITE TRACKING, DATA ACQUISITION, DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS, MOUNTING, OPTICAL SLANT...
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System performance, system interface compatibility, and system management and operations are analyzed for external and internal communications provided by the modular space station. Mathematical models are utilized to evaluate performances of the various communication links between the MSS and the tracking and data relay satellites, the shuttle, and the ground stations. Communication control design requirements are determined from overall MSS control design and checkout requirements are...
Topics: ERROR ANALYSIS, OPTICAL SLANT RANGE, SATELLITE TRACKING, ANALYSIS (MATHEMATICS), EPHEMERIDES,...
The utilization of information from several radars tracking the same target requires that the data of slant range, azimuth, and height as reported by the various radars of the system be referenced to a common origin of co-ordinates. Experience has shown that the data are best processed in the form of rectangular co-ordinates. Therefore, it becomes necessary to determine a method of projecting the surface area of the earth covered by the radar system onto a plane containing a set of rectangular...
Topics: DTIC Archive, MITRE CORP BEDFORD MA, *RADAR IMAGES, *STEREOSCOPIC PROJECTORS, EARTH MODELS, SLANT...
The final phase of the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory development and evaluation of a remote tower slant visual range (SVR) system is described. Remote tower forward scatter meter measurements of atmospheric extinction coefficient are used to estimate the SVR in the simulated approach zone. Three prediction techniques, Markov, Regression Estimate of Event Probabilities (REEP), and Equivalent Markov, are evaluated and yield probability estimates of below-limit SVR conditions for forecast times...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Geisler,Edward B, AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA, *VISIBILITY, *SLANT RANGE,...
This research investigates the losses incurred by polarization mismatch, and the impact it has on the detection of horizontal linear features for targets in the ground-plane. We introduce a sequence of steps necessary in mathematically determining the percentage of the horizontal linear feature that is co-polarized with the radar slant plane. Using computer simulation, we numerically evaluate and plot the mismatch loss as a function of polarization and grazing/aspect angles.
Topics: DTIC Archive, ARMY COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENG CTR APG MD, *RADAR,...
This report analyzes the deployment cost for different visibility measuring systems necessary to satisfy CAT 1, 2, and 3 operations. The analysis is based on airport operational requirements and data for commercially available visibility measuring equipment. Estimated deployment schedules of visibility measuring equipment for the FY76-FY85 period are developed. Visibility equipment requirements for each runway category are identified. Eight (8) selected airports are analyzed for their existing...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Ingrao,Hector C, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CENTER CAMBRIDGE MASS, *VISIBILITY,...
This paper describes the electronic design of a slant-range optical proximity sensor using a pulse-modulated injection laser for the transmitter and a direct-detection receiver for the collection of target returns, much after the manner of a conventional pulse-radar. Of particular interest is the development of laser modulator circuitry to produce 50-A pulses up to 200 ns wide at repetition rates up to 2 kHz.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Vanderwall, Jonathan, HARRY DIAMOND LABS ADELPHI MD, *INJECTION LASERS, *LASER...
A theory is developed that describes the processing of data collected with a satellite-borne or airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). A description of the target-radar geometry, and the form of the received, demodulated radar signal is given. It is shown that the solution for the case in which the antenna is directed perpendicular to track (sidelooking), is obtained by a simplification of the general case in which the antenna is squinted with respect to the perpendicular to track. A...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Vant,M R, COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CENTRE OTTAWA (ONTARIO), *SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR,...
Considering the exploitation needs associated with the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) applications involving moving and non-stationary targets, a fundamental spectral domain model for moving point and distribution of scatterers is presented. The approach is accurate as the spherical phase front is rigorously treated throughout the Doppler analysis. Due to the analytic nature of the model in range-Doppler plain, large squint-angle operations (e.g., SpotSAR) can be characterized. Furthermore,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Sabry, R, DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA OTTAWA (ONTARIO), *SYNTHETIC...
The report presents results of transmission measurements in the visible and thermal infrared range along a slant path of 2.7 km length and 19 deg inclination. To infer correlating, all meteorological parameters, visibility, aerosol spectrum are measured at both ends of the path. For monitoring the aerosol distribution along the path serves a four-frequency lidar (ranging between 380 and 1060 nm). Transmissivity and extinction coefficient in VIS and IR are parameterized considering the following...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Reiter,Reinhold, FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN (GERMANY F R),...
The potential for remote tower measurements of point visibility in the determination of slant range visibility for aircraft landing operations was explored through analysis of data collected at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Weather Test Facility at Otis AFB, Massachusetts. This report described initial experiments that deal with an analysis of the small scale variability of extinction coefficient in time and space. Data from two instrumented towers spaced 1500 ft apart were classified for...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hering,Wayne S, AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MASS, *VISIBILITY, *VISUAL...
This report describes the detection of a destroyer target by a standard helicopter FLIR during operational exercises in the Arabian Gulf: The observations show the detection range to be dependent on approach altitude, first increasing, then decreasing as altitude increases. This results suggests that the tactical user may have an optimal altitude for maximum detection range during FLIR operations. The altitude is potentially dependent on the characteristics of the target, the sensor, and the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Goroch, Andreas K., NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA, *INFRARED DETECTION, *ATMOSPHERIC...
This document provides a brief introduction to those aspects of SAR image properties and signal processing operations related to the use of SAR images for point measurement purposes. Geometrical properties of the image and math models are considered. An analysis of problems which may be encountered in SAR measurement applications and potential research to solve these problems is addressed. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wheeler,S J, ROME AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER GRIFFISS AFB NY, *SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR,...
The feasibility of using various types of radars including dual wavelength configurations for arriving at slant path attenuations through rain and cloud at frequencies up to 100 GHz has been analyzed. Optimum performance parameters of systems which best perform these functions are established. The configurations examined include single S-band (f = 3 GHz) and K sub u-band (f = 15.7 GHz) systems as well as dual wavelength systems operating at K sub a-S (35-3 GHz) and K sub u-S (15.7-3 GHz) bands....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Goldhirsh,Julius, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV LAUREL MD APPLIED PHYSICS LAB, *RAIN, *RADIATION...
A study was conducted to determine if any significant relationships existed between horizontal and slant visibility during fog conditions. Approximately 11,000 sets of atmospheric transmittance observations in fog were obtained at six horizontal levels from 5 to 155 feet and from the 5- to 155-foot slant path by extinction-type transmissometers mounted on two airfield towers separated by 250 feet. Each observation set was classified into one of seven vertical profile classes according to the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Lewis,William, NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER ATLANTIC CITY N J,...
The purpose of this study was to determine the dispersions of standard MARK 40, MARK 40 and 20 degree bent fins, and standard MARK 4 2.75-Inch rockets when launched in pairs from an in-flight AH-1G/Cobra. Dispersions of the standard MK40 and MK40 with bent fins are approximately equal. Dispersions of the MK40 are significantly higher.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Billman, B. R., ARMY ARMAMENT COMMAND ROCK ISLAND IL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OFFICE, *FIRING...
Mathematical models for hit probabilities of small arms fire against low-flying aircraft are developed with the aid of the impact points. Three techniques of fire are examined. A model for determining appropriate lead angles is developed. Probability of hit for single shot at various ranges and constant altitude are calculated. Repeated shots are then examined when the technique is used of firing multiple rounds at a fixed angle. The result shows the probability of one of the shots is high,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Padua, Purwo A, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNNERY, *SMALL...
In many of the current radar sets, ground-range presentation is not available. However, partial compensation for the slant-range distortion can be obtained by changing all of the ranges by a constant amount, known as the altitude delay. A basis for selecting the magnitude of this delay is described in this paper and a graph is provided for its determination.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Williams, John R., OHIO STATE UNIV RESEARCH FOUNDATION COLUMBUS MAPPING AND CHARTING...
The discussion presented is based on data obtained from the firing of type RTV1e missiles in the course of beamriding trial C40. The RTV1e, designed as a test vehicle for beam-riding guidance and control systems, is a missile having 17-1/2 ft length, 9 1/2-in. body diameter, and 615-lb weight. An assessment is made of the trial features which are subject to random variations and which require statistical analysis: the times of various events in the course of a firing as well as the slant range...
Topics: DTIC Archive, LONGDEN, G. B., ROYAL AIRCRAFT ESTABLISHMENT FARNBOROUGH (UNITED KINGDOM), *GUIDED...
This work unit is the first of a three-year coupled rapid transition plan 6.2-6.4 development effort to transition products from the NRL Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) to a database where they can be extracted by Target Acquisition Weapons Software (TAWS).
Topics: DTIC Archive, NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA, *AEROSOLS, *COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ALGORITHMS,...
Analysis of remote tower forward scatter meter measurements of extinction coefficient collected at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Weather Test Facility at Otis AFB, Massachusetts demonstrated the accuracy of a remote tower slant visual range (SVR) system. This report describes the final phase of the development and evaluation of a tower SVR system in which the remote tower approach has been extended to include Category I operations. Tests give additional evidence that the runway visual...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Geisler,Edward B, AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA, *VISIBILITY, *AIRCRAFT...
From the bitsavers.org collection, a scanned-in computer-related document. eai :: applicationsLibrary :: 3.4.2h HYDAC Simulation of a Terrain Avoidance Flight Control System 1963
Topics: radar, terrain, simulation, data, program, hydac, prf, control, aircraft, parallel, terrain data,...
This work contains the definition of the initial orbit determination (IOD) method with some first results, a literature review about the Manifold, the creation of the algorithms and architecture for the ADS and the initial merging of the ADS into the IOD technique. The IOD algorithm is explained, implemented and comparisons with results from literature are also outlined. In specific it takes as input optical observations and gives as output the state of the object at the central time of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Di Lizia,Pierluigi, POLITECNICO DI MILANO MILANO Italy, SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS,...
FM4 111 1940
Topics: sound, angular, azimuth, locator, target, searchlight, lag, acoustic, antiaircraft, binaural, sound...
Nuclear Weapons Effects Handbook Radiological Scientific Officers Handbook
Topics: dose, burst, damage, crater, blast, nuclear, figure, explosion, height, scaled, dose rate, total...
Several sensors and techniques currently being investigated at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory as part of its program to automate the observation of weather parameters are described. Included are a lidar cloud-height measuring system, a laser weather identifier, a decision tree approach for determination of present weather, a lidar slant visual range measuring system, and a tower mounted visibility meter approach for determination of slant visual range. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, Moroz,Eugene Y, AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MASS, *AUTOMATION, *WEATHER...
Provides a quick reference guide for reading ASPAM point analysis products. Provides format and definitions for paragraph outputs and examples of output data for each paragraph included in point analysis products.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bergmann, Joan, AIR FORCE COMBAT CLIMATOLOGY CENTER SCOTT AFB IL, *OPTICAL...
Most surface textures convey useful information about the slant curvature, and depth of the surface, as geometric consequences of perspective projection (primarily foreshortening and scaling). For the visual system to correctly interpret two-dimensional (2D) evidence of foreshortening and differential scaling as suggesting three-dimensional (3D) slant and depth, certain assumptions must hold regarding the regularity or homogeneity of the physical texture as well as its statistical isotropy....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Stevens, Kent A., DAYTON UNIV OH RESEARCH INST, *SURFACE ANALYSIS, *SHAPE, *FLIGHT...
The tests were conducted to obtain empirical cone-drag information about the intermediate slip-flow regime. The mean free path of the gas adjacent to the cone surface ranged from 10 to 15% of the calculated displacement- thickness of the boundary layer at the base of the cone. The total drag on the fore portion of a 15 deg half-angle cone (3.70-in. slant length) was investigated. A compact remote balance was developed which gave sufficient accuracy for the measurement of the small forces...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Ipsen, D. C., CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY INST OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH, *DRAG, *RAREFIED...
This report investigates the applicability of the standard LOWTRAN atmospheric models to four typical Australian environments and considers the effects to these environments upon the transmission of 3 to 5 um radiation. It is found that the LOWTRAN model atmospheres can be useful in Australian conditions, and advice is given as to the most appropriate models to use depending upon the path and environment conditions. The extent to which model data is used rather than real data will affect the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Findlay, G A, SURVEILLANCE RESEARCH LAB SALISBURY (AUSTRALIA), *INFRARED SPECTRA,...
The analytical theories that describe the irradiance profile and scintillation index for a Gaussian beam propagating through atmospheric turbulence are reviewed. Both horizontal and slant propagation paths are considered. A turbulence strength C(n)2 model, with daytime and nighttime versions, is described that is generally consistent with our understand of White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), NM conditions. The expressions and turbulence strength model are used to generate a set of curves that...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Voelz, David, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV LAS CRUCES DEPT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER...
The performance of an airborne laser terrain mapper, which collects slant range and reflectance data simultaneously, is determined in part by the spatial filtering effects of the finite laser beam spot size. An analysis of the spatial filtering effects and the resulting distortion of the terrain profile slant range to the aircraft is made to interpret the interaction between the terrain characteristics and the resulting laser line scan information. Emphasis is placed on the range interactions....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Strautman,William D, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO SCHOOL OF...
Measurements have been made of the slant ranges over which light pulses were transmitted from a submerged submarine to an aircraft off the coast of Key West Florida. These experiments were performed as part of an investigation of the use of light for identification and communication between submerged submarines and aircraft. At night during a full moon, slant ranges of 15 and 14 miles were measured when the receiver was at altitudes of 5000 and 2500 feet, respectively, and when the light source...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Stamm, G. L., NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC, *OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS, *IFF...
Several small-scale propeller configurations applicable to a conceptual Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) aircraft were designed, fabricated, and tested to determine their performance, acoustic, and detectability characteristics. The tests were conducted in static and simulated forward flight conditions in a wind tunnel. Propellers tested included tractor, pusher, and ducted configurations. The acoustic data obtained was used to determine the slant range and altitude of no detection of each...
Topics: DTIC Archive, JanakiRam, D. S., SYSTEMS RESEARCH LABS INC NEWPORT NEWS VA RASA DIV, *REMOTELY...
In this thesis, a technique involving Stepped Frequency and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) processing have been employed to develop two-dimensional radar images of an aircraft target. Radar returns from prominent scatterers of various parts of the target will be processed and displayed. The processing is a combination of two high-resolution processes: development of a high-range resolution (HRR) profile in slant range using the stepped frequency waveform, and the development of a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Mun, Kok L, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *IMAGE PROCESSING, *SYNTHETIC...
The Slant Visual Range/Approach Light Contact Height (SVR/ALCH) System reports the slant visual range that can be seen when the pilot is at 100 feet above ground level and the approach light contact height, which is the altitude at which a pilot will see five light bars, as a landing is conducted under Category II conditions. To provide SVR/ALCH information, the system utilizes a 100-foot tower equipped with forward scatter and luminance meters, an illuminance meter, a touchdown...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bradley, Gerald S., NAVAL WEAPONS SUPPORT CENTER CRANE IN, *LANDING AIDS, *LANDING...
Conversion error is considered in the application of stereographic projection to the planar representation of targets in multiple radar surveillance systems. The error is treated as the separation of images in a local radar plane of target position (in terms of altitude, azimuth, and slant range) under ideal mapping formulae and system implementations thereof. These images are viewed as elements of a complex plane in which the center of coordinates represents the radar site. Thus, conversion...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Mulholland,R G, NATIONAL AVIATION FACILITIES EXPERIMENTAL CENTER ATLANTIC CITY NJ,...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
This document describes both the technical and user aspects of the sky-to-ground ratio program. The program computes sky-to-ground ratio, contrast transmission, transmission, path radiance, and zero-range-to-target background radiance for a user-specified observer (sensor) and target pair, situated on a slant path in the lower atmosphere for 19 different aerosols. Results are provided in hard-copy format and also in a computer-generated (tabular) file. The calculations are performed in one of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, O'Brien, Sean G, ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM, *TARGETS,...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
This research investigated the feasibility of obtaining visual range and slant visual range by use of drop-size distribution. The results of Davies' equation for computing visibility from drop-size distribution were compared to known values and those obtained from Mie scattering theory based on a program developed by Kattawar and Plass. Next, Davies' equation was applied to a Marshall-Palmer drop-size distribution and a vertically varying distribution obtained from a program developed by...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Arrance, Edwin Stanley, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH,...
A description of new results is given pertaining to an experiment whose aims are to test and improve the accuracy of radar derived slant path rain attenuation methods. These estimated results are compared with measured rain fade levels of the COMSTAR beacon signal at 28.56 GHz at Wallops Island, Virginia. The new data base corresponds to five rain days flanking the winter of 1978-79 during which 715 minutes of simultaneous radar and disdrometer data were obtained. Agreement between estimated...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Goldhirsh,Julius, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV LAUREL MD APPLIED PHYSICS LAB, *RADIATION...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
In this report, tables of sample cumulative probability distributions of minimum PDOP values and shortest distances between target and target trackers were developed, where the target is a spatial one and where the target trackers are constrained to any one of 16 satellite constellations. Shortest distance was used as a parameter in this work because target location errors involving direction to target increases as distance to target increases. The tables pertain to the first, second, and third...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Crombie, Michael A, ARMY ENGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LABS FORT BELVOIR VA, *TRACKING,...
A single series of shots is fired in a circle with a known diameter around some fixed reference point. It is preferable (but not absolutely necessary) that the circle be located so that the module is somewhere within it. The time delay for each shot position is measured. These are then converted into slant ranges and from these the position and depth of the module may be calculated.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weigle,F G, NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CONN, *HYDROPHONES, *SONAR...
These volumes contain the experimental results of monitoring the Faraday rotation and group delay of VHF and UHF signals transmitted from the ATS-6 geostationary satellite at a station located at Palehua, Hawaii. The Faraday rotation data represents the electron content measured out to a vertical height of approximately 2000-3000 kilometers, while the group delay is a measure of the total electron content along the entire path from station to the ATS-6 satellite. The difference between these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roelofs,Thomas H, HAWAII UNIV HONOLULU, *IONOSPHERE, *ELECTRON DENSITY, EXPERIMENTAL...
