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FIEST BOOK
OP
ARITHMETIC.
BY
DANA P. COLBURN,
PRINCIPAL OF THE EHODS ISLAND STATE NORMAL SCHOOIi, AITD
AUTHOR OF "ARITHMETIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS."
PHILADELPHIA:
} H. COWPERTHWAIT & CO.
] BOSTON: SHEPARD, CLARK & BROWN.
1860.
as
(>irj(f
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
DANA P. COLBURN,
in th« Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
District of Rhode Island.
STEREOTYPED BY J. rAGAIT.
(ii)
PEEFACE.
The Docimal System of Numbers is one of the
most perfect things of man's invention. It is so
simple, that a child can understand it, yet so
comprehensive that it includes all possible num-
bers, represents them all by ten simple characters
and a point, and bases all numerical operations
on the combinations of the first ten, or primitive
numbers.
These primitive combinations can easily be
determined. 1 can be added to each number
from 1 to 10 ; so can each of the first ten num-
bers, and on these will depend all possible com-
binations in addition. For since 3 + 2 = 5, we
have 30 + 20 = 50, 300 + 200 = 500, &c., 23 + 2
== 25, 193 + 2 = 195, &c.
But subtraction is so closely connected with
addition, that, as far as the primitive numbers
are concerned, a knowledge of one implies a
knowledge of the other. What, for instance, are
2 + 3 = 5, 2 from 5 = 3, 3 from 5 = 2, 5 = 3
more than 2, &c., but different forms of expressing
the idea that 5 is made up of 2 and 3 ?
. __-
PREFACE.
It is certainly more philosophical to present
these various forms in such connexion as to
show their mutual dependence, and thus secure
thoroughness from the outset, than to present
one form through a long series of lessons, and
then another form through another long series
of lessons, as though they have no connexion with
each other. The invariable experience of teachers
who have given both methods a fair trial is, that
elementary addition and subtraction can thus be
taught together, with greater ease than either can
be taught by itself.
All that has been said of addition and subtmc-
tion applies with equal force to multiplication and
division. Hence, the varied combinations of the
primitive numbers ought to be mastered by the
pupil before he attempts those of the derived
numbers; and when the latter are introduced, it
should be in such a way as to show their depen-
dence on the former.
Another reason for this careful elementary in-
struction is found in the fact that a child will rea-
dily understand and solve a problem involving
small numbers, when a similar one, involving
large numbers, will be entirely beyond his com-
prehension. There can be no doubt, then, that
his attention should be confined to small num-
bers, till his mathematical powers are so far
developed as to enable him to use large numbers
understandingly.
r-
PR EFAGE.
The lessons of a First Book of Arithmetic
should be based on such principles.
They should be so arranged as to illustrate in
an easy and familiar manner the nature and uses
of numbers and of numerical operations, to call into
exercise and discipline the mental powers, form
accurate habits of thought and investigation,
impart a just self-reliance, develop a power of
following closely the most rigid reasoning pro-
cesses, and lay a sure foundation for future pro-
gress in mathematical studies.
They ought to be simple in their beginnings,
gradual in their developments, interesting in their
problems, varied in their exercises, and so con-
nected, that each shall follow naturally from those
that go before, and prepare the way for those that
come after.
Moreover, they should embody such a variety
and extent of exercises as to include all the essen-
tial principles of Arithmetic, and thus prepare the
way for any advanced treatise, and even give
those who have no further opportunity for study
in school^ such discipline as will enable them to
meet the demands of real life.
The author has endeavoured to prepare this
treatise in accordance with these views. In its
preparation he has drawn freely from the '' First
Steps in I^umbers," and the "Decimal System of
Numbers," both issued some years since, — the
the latter of which w^as written by himself, and
PREFACE.
the former conjointly with Mr. George A. Wal-
ton, now of Lawrence, Mass.
Wlmtever may be its merits or defects, it is the
result of much careful thought and study, of con-
siderable experience as a Teacher, and of an
honest eftbrt to arrange such a course of lessons
as shall aid in developing the youthful mind, and
in forming correct habits of study.
DAN-A P. COLBUEN.
Providence, July, 1856.
COLBURN'S FIRST PART,
LESSOir I.
One boy. 1 boy. / ^tm.
One girl. 1 girl. / a^u.
One ball. 1 ball. / /a/f.
One. 1. /. I.
1. ITow many pictures are there on this page?
2. How many boys do you see in the picture ?
3. How many girls do you see in the picture ?
4. How many balls do you see in the picture ?
5. How many thumbs have you on your right hand ?
6. How many thumbs have you on your left hand ?
_ __
8 colburn's first part.
Note to the Teacher. — The pictures are not designed to take
the place of exercises -with visible objects, but rather as addi-
tional illustrations of the numbers introduced. With young
classes, the Teacher should give such easy lessons as the following,
making use of the most familiar objects as counters.
Even though the pupils have used numbers somewhat, such
lessons will make them better acquainted with their nature, and
will thus ensure a more rapid advancement.
Oral Lessox. — Teacher, taking a book, asks: "What have I
in my hand?" Ans. — *'A book." ** How many books?" Ans. —
'< One book." " How many pencils do I show you ?" Ans. — *' One
pencil." "How many chairs do I point at?" A?is. — "One
chair." " How many desks ?" Ans. — " One desk."
Tell the class to point to one boy, to one girl, to one windoV,
&c., &c.
The mark 1 (making it on the board) means one, as, 1 dog, 1
book. When writing, we make it thus : — ^ CiOG^j / t'OOri,
Note. — An oral lesson like the following may precede Lesson II.
Oral Lesson. — " How many pencils have I in my right hand?"
Ans. — " One pencil." " How many in my left hand?" Ans. —
"One pencil." " How many in both ?" Ans. — " Two pencils."
" How many pieces of chalk have I in my right hand?" Ans. —
"One." "In my left?" ^wj. — "One." "In both?" Ans.—
" Two." " How many fingers do I hold up ?" Ans. — " Two."
" One pen and one pen are, how many pens ?" " If I lay down
one pen, how many shall I have left ?" Lay down one pen, and
show the remaining one. " How many more must I get to have
two ?" Taking two pens in the right hand and one in the left,
ask : " How many pens have I in my right hand ?" " How many
in my left hand?" " How many more in my right hand than in
my left?" "How many less in my left hand than in my right
hand?" "If I should pass one from my right hand to my left
hand, how many would there be in my right hand?" "How
many would there be in my left?"
Ask such questions as these, illustrating each by familiar
objects, and continuing the exercise, till the numbers two, and
one, and their relations to each other, are perfectly understood.
LESSON SECOND.
LESSON II.
Two boys. 2 boys. S ^ayd
Two soap-bubbles. 2 soap-bubbles. S i^ooA.'^OMed.
Two. 2. S. II.
The mark 2, or 2 j is called i]iQ figure two.
How many boys do you see in the picture ?
How many soap-bubbles do you see in the picture ?
A. To THE Teacher. — The following questions should first
be asked by substituting concrete in place of the abstract num-
bers. Thus : " How many apples are 1 apple and 1 apple ? 1
pear and how many pears are two pears?" &c. The pupils
should be taught to make such changes for themselves. The work
is not, however, mastered till the abstract numbers and operations
are mastered.
1. How many are 1 and 1 ?
2. 1 and how many are 2 ?
3. 1 from 2 leaves how many ?
4. How many must be taken from 2 to leave 1 ?
5. How many more are 2 than 1 ?
10 COLB urn's first PART.
B. 1. George blew 1 soap-bubble, and Joseph
blew 1. How many did both blow?
2. There were 2 soap-bubbles in the air, but 1 of
them burst. How many remained ?
3. Sarah has 2 dolls, and Mary has 1. How
many more has Sarah than Mary?
4. A Story about James. — James was a little
boy who lived in the country, and studied the First
Book of Arithmetic. On his way to school one day,
he found 2 apples. At recess, he gave 1 of them to
his Teacher, and ate 1 ; but just before recess was
over, he received a present of 1 from a schoolmate.
After school, he found 1 under a tree, and gave 1
to a little boy whom he met. When he reached
home, he roasted all he had left. How many did he
roast ?
LESSON III.
Three rabbits. 3 rabbits. 3 ^a^'^cl
Three. 3. J. III.
The mark 3, or 3 ^ is called the figure three.
LESSON THIRD. 11
To THE Teacher. — Oral lessons, like those in Lessons I. and II.,
should be continued in this and the subsequent lessons. They
will, better than any lesson from the book, and better than any
mere description, lead the pupil to comprehend the nature of
numbers, and numerical operations.
A. 1. How many are 2 and 1 ?
2. How many are 1 and 2?
3. How many are 1 and 1 and 1 ?
4. 2 and how many are 3 ?
5. 1 and how many are 3 ?
6. 2 from 3 leaves how many?
7. 1 from 3 leaves how many?
8. How many more are 3 than 2 ?
9. How many more are 3 than 1?
B. 1. Edward had 2 tame rabbits, and his cou-
sin gave him 1 more. How many had he then ?
Solution. — If Edward had 2 tame rabbits, and his cousin gave him
1 more, he would then have 2 rabbits and 1 rabbit, which are 3
rabbits.
Solution 2d. — The 2 rabbits which he had, and the 1 rabbit which
his cousin gave him, would make 2 rabbits and 1 rabbit, which are 3
rabbits.
Note. — Such reasoning processes as the foregoing are of great
value ; for they teach children how to trace the connection be-
tween the problems and the numerical operations, and thus how
to reason; and they prepare the way for the solution of more
complicated problems. A little attention to them now, will save
much labor both to teacher and pupil in the higher departments
of Arithmetic.
2. A cross dog afterwards killed 2 of Edward's
rabbits. How many had he left ?
3. Emma had 3 rabbits, 1 of them was black, and
the rest were white. How many were white ?
12 colburn's first part.
4. A Story about Carrie. — Carrie was a bright-
eyed little girl who lived in a village. One day she
cut out 2 paper dolls, and the next day she cut out
1 more. She then gave 1 to her playmate, Martha,
who came to see her, and 1 to Maria. She after-
wards cut out 2 more, but through carelessness, let
1 fall into the fire, when her mother cut out 1 very
nice one, and gave it to her. How many had she
then ?
To THE Teacher. — Make additional problems, and encourage
the pupils to do it for themselves, arranging them somewhat in
the form of stories, to increase their interest. One problem pro-
posed by a pupil, and solved by a class, will be of more value in
an educational view than many proposed by a teacher or author.
LESSON IV.
Four reapers. 4 reapers. A lea^ieid.
Four. 4. A. IV.
The mark 4, or Aj is called t\\(i figure four.
Note. — It should be made a part of the lesson for the pupil to
write out the exercises in abstract numbers. He will thus learn
LESSON FOURTH. 13
to use figures and mathematical signs, and to write out arithme-
tical work neatly and correctly.
Explanation. — A cross made thus, -\-, is sometimes used in place
of "and" in such questions as, how many are 1 and 2? In like man-
ner, "2 -|- 2 are 4" mean the same as " 2 and 2 are 4." This sign is
also called ;;?m«, and sometimes the sign of addition.
A. 1. 3+1? 3. 2+2? 5. 1+1+2?
2. 1 + 3? 4. 1 + 2 + 1? 6. 2+1 + 1?
Explanation. — Read and perform the following questions, and
similar ones throughout the book, as though the words " how many"
were put in the place of the star. Thus, the question "2 + * = 4?''
means the same as "2 and how many are 4?"
B. 1. 2 + *are4?
2. l + *are4?
3. 3 + -are4?
C. 1. 1 from 4?
2. 2 from 4 ?
D. How many more are —
L 4 than 3?
2. 4 than 1? 4. 3 than 1?
E. 1. George has 2 apples, and Rufus has 1.
How many have both ? How many more has George
than Rufus ?
2. Edward had 2 marbles, and his father gave
him a cent, with which he bought 2 more. How
many had he then ?
3. He afterwards lost 1, and gave away 2. How
many had he left ?
4. Jane had 1 picture-book, and on her birth-day
her father gave her 1 more ; her mother gave her 1,
and her uncle Henry sent her 1, which was very
pretty. How many had she then ?
4.
5.
6.
3.
4.
l + l + *are4?
l + 2 + *are4?
2+1 + * are 4?
3 from 4 ?
1 from 3 ?
3.
4 than 2?
14
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
5. There were 3 robins on a cherry-tree, but 1 of
them flew away, and 2 others came to the tree. A
naughty boy throw a stone to knock down some
cherries, which so frightened the robins that 4 of
them flew away. How many robins were left on the
tree?
LESSON V.
Five toy-horses. 5 toy-horses. 5 ^^-no^^ed.
Five. 5. 5. V.
The mark 5, or 6 j is called the figure five.
A. 1. 4 + 1? 4. 2 + 3? 7. 2 + 1 + 2?
2. 1+4? 5. 3 + 1 + 1? 8. 1 + 1 + 3?
3. 3 + 2? 6. 1 + 2 + 2? 9. 2 + 2 + 1?
B. ExPLAXATiON. — Two parallel lines drawn thus, =, form what
is called the sign of eqxuility, which is often used in place of " are" in
such cases as "2+2 are 4," which would then be written " 2 + 2 = 4."
This may be read "2 and 2 are 4/' or "2 plus 2 are 4/* or "2 plus 2
equal 4."
1. 2+*=5? 4.
2. l + *=5? 6.
3. 2 + *=5? 6.
2+l+*=5?
2+2+*=5?
LESSONFIFTH. 15
c.
1. 2 from 5?
3.
1 from 5 ?
2. 4 from 5 ?
4.
3 from 5 ?
D.
How many more
are —
-
1. 5 than 2?
3.
5 than 3 ?
2. 5 than 4?
4.
5 than 1 ?
E. 1. Edwin had 2 cents, but he afterwards found
3, and spent 4. How many had he left ?
2. Arthur had a half-dime, which, as you know,
is worth just 5 cents. He went to a store and bought
some nuts for 2 cents, and some candy for 1 cent,
giving in payment his half- dime. How many cents
ought he to receive back ?
3. Mr. French had 3 black horses, 2 white horses,
and 1 grey horse. He sold his grey horse, and 1
of his black ones. How many had he left ?
4. Near a village lived a poor w^oman named Lucy,
but everybody called her Aunt Lucy. In the sum-
mer she would pick blackberries to sell. One day
she picked 3 quarts in one pasture, and 1 in another,
when, meeting a gentleman from the village, she sold
him 2 quarts. She picked 3 quarts more, and started
to go home. On her way, she sold 2 quarts to one
man, and 1 quart to another. How many had she
left ?
16
colburn's first part.
LESSON VI
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Six birds. 6 birds.
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Six. 6. 6. VL
The mark 6, or ^^ is called the figure six.
A.
1. 5 + 1? 4. 2+4? 6. 2 + 2 + 2?
2. 1 + 5? 5. 3 + 3? 7. 1 + 3 + 2?
3. 4 + 2?
8. 1 + 2+2?
B.
1. 2 + *=G? 4.
l+l+l+*=6?
2. 3 + *=6? 5.
l+2+*=6?
3. 4 + *=6? 6.
l+l + 2 + *6?
C.
1. 4 from 6 ? 4.
3 from 6 ?
2. 1 from 6? 6.
5 from 6 ?
3. 2 from 6? 6.
6 from 6 ?
D.
Explanation. — 6 less 2 means 6 diminished by 2, or made
smalle
r by 2, which is just the same
as " 2 from 6." Hence 6 less
2=4;
5 less 3 = 2, <fcc.
1. 6 less 2? 3. 6 less 3 ? 5. 4 less 2 ?
2. 5 less 3? 4. 5 less 1 ? 6. 6 less 4?
E.
1. There were 6 boys at play ; 2 of them were
LESSON SEVENTH.
17
flying their kites, and the rest were rolling their
hoops. How many were rolling their hoops?
2. A pedler had 6 plaster birds on a tray. 2 of
them were painted yellow, 1 of them was painted red
and brown, and the rest were painted red and black.
How many were painted red and black ?
3. A hunter shot 1 partridge, 3 quails, and 2
pigeons: How many birds did he shoot in all ?
4. Julia picked 3 white roses, and 3 red ones.
How many did she pick in all ? She gave 2 red
roses and 1 white rose to her teacher, and 1 white
rose to her friend Lydia. How many had she ?
LESSON VII.
Seven hens. 7 hens. ^ nend*
Seven. 7. /. VII.
The mark 7, or 7^is called the fiijfure seven.
1. 6+1? 4. 2 + 5? 7. 3+2+2?
2.
3.
1 + 6?
5+2?
5.
6.
2*
3+4?
4 + 3?
9.
1 + 1 + 5?
2+1+4?
18
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
B. 1.
2.
3.
2+*=7?
2+3+*=7?
C. 1.
2.
6 from 7 ? 3.
4 from 7 ? 4.
4. 2 + l + *-7?
5. l + 2 + l + *=7?
6. 2 + 2 + 2+*=7?
2 from 7? 5. 1 from 7?
3 from 7? 6. 5 from 7 ?
D. 1. 7 less 3 ? 3. 7 less 2 ? 5. 7 less 5?
2. 7 less 1? 4. 7 less 6? 6. 7 less 4?
E. 1. A farmer had seven grej liens. He sold 2
of them, and a fox killed 1 of them. How many did
he hnve left ? If he should afterwards sell 2 more,
and huy 4 small white hens, how many would he
then have?
2. Alfred had a half-dime and 4 €ents ; hut he
exchanged tlie half dime fur its value in cents. How
many cents did he then have ? He was so unfortu-
nate as to lose 3 of his cents, and he gave 3 more
for a three-cent piece. How many cents had he then
left?
3. 6 boys were at play together ; 1 of them got
hurt, and went home, and 2 were called a\^ay by
their friends ; but very soon 4 more boys cm me out
to play. These played together till all but 3 got
tired, and sat down to rest. How many sat down
to rest ?
LESSON EIGHTH.
19
LESSON VIII.
Eight persons. 8 persons. 8 ^ZdontX.
Eight. 8. S. VIII. ,
The mark 8, or 8 j is called \he figure eight.
A. 1. 7 + 1?
2. 1+7?
3. 6+2?
B. 1. 2+*=8?
2. 4+*=8?
3. 8+*=8?
C. 1. 7 from 8?
2. 2 from 8 ?
3. 4 from 8 ?
4. 2 + 6?
5. 5 + 3?
6. 3 + 5?
7. 4+4?
8. 2 + 2+2 + 2?
4. 3+2+*=8?
5. l + l+2+l + *==8?
6. • l + 2 + 3 + *=8?
4. (5 from 8?
5. 3 from 8 ?
6. 5 from 8 ?
20 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
D. llow many more are —
1. 8 than 5? ^ 8 than 3?
2. 8 than 1? 5. 8 than 2?
3. 8 than 6 ? 6. 8 than 4 ?
E. Explanation. — A single mark made like a dash, thus, — , is
often used in place of the -word " less." For instance : "8 — 3 = 6"
means the same as " 8 less 3 = 5."
1. 8—3? 3. 8—5? 6. 8—6?
2. 8—7? 4. 8—2? 6. 8—4?
F. 1. In a ferry-boat were 4 ferrymen, 2 ladies,
and 2 gentlemen. How many persons were in the
boat?
2. A farmer had 8 little pigs. He sold 2 to
one man, and 2 to another. How many had he left ?
3. Sarah's mother gave her 3 dresses for her doll,
her sister Susan gave her 2, and her aunt Mary gave
her enough to make up 8. How many did her aunt
Mary give her ?
4. Alfred found 3 chestnuts under one tree, 4
under another, and 1 under another. He soon after
ate 2, when, having the ill luck to fall, he lost 3.
He afterwards found 4 more, when, seeing a pretty
squirrel run into a hole in a tree, he put in 3 chest-
nuts for the squirrel to eat. How many chestnuts
had he left?
LESSON NINTH.
21
LESSON IX.
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Nine ducklings. 9 ducklings, p cUi,cn/cna<i:
Nine, 9. p. IX.
The mark 9, or P ^ is called the figure nine.
A. 1.
2.
3.
4.
B. 1.
2.
3.
4.
C. 1.
2.
3.
8 + 1?
1 + 8?
7 + 2?
2 + 7?
5+*=9?
2+*=9?
4+*=9?
3+*=9?
8 from 9 ?
6 from 9 ?
3 from 9 ?
6+3?
3 + 6?
5+4?
4 + 5?
5.
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
3+1+3?
2+2+5?
3+2+3?
1+2+4?
:9?
2 + 5 +
3+5+*=9?
3+3+*=9?
2+2+2+*=9?
4.
5.
6.
7 from 9 ?
4 from 9 ?
2 from 9 ?
22 coLB urn's first part.
D. 1. 9—5? 4. 9—4—2?
2. (?— 7? 5. 9—2—3?
3. 9— 1>? 6. 9—5—2?
E. 1. If a boy should have 6 cents, and receive
a present of 2 more, how many would he have ? If
he should spend 3, and then have 4 given him, how
many would he have ?
2. Daniel had 3 baskets. The first was a red
one, which held 3 quarts ; the second was a blue one,
which held 4 quarts ; the third was a yellow one,
which held 2 quarts. How many quarts would all
hold?
3. One day he picked so many berries, that he
filled them all ; but he sold what there was in the
blue basket. How many quarts had he left ?
4. He emptied the contents of his red basket into
his blue basket. How many more quarts would it
take to fill it?
5. David had 3 marbles, and Austin had 4; but
David found 4, and Austin lost 2. Thej then agreed
to put what they had into a littie box. How many
marbles did they put into the box ?
LESSON TENTH.
23
LESSON X.
Ten herrings. 10 herrings. ^0 nezuna^.
Ten. 10. ^0. X. ■
The mark is called ihejlgure naught, or zero.
A. 1. 9 + 1?
2. 1+9?
3. 8 + 2?
4. 2 + 8?
5. 7 + 3?
3 + 7?
6+4?
6.
7.
1. 2+*=10?
2. 3+*==10?
3. 5 + *=10?
4. 4+*=10?
8. 4+6?
9. 5+5?
10. 4 + 3 + 2?
11. 2 + 3 + 5?
12. 1+2 + 2 + 2 + 2?
13. 2+2+2+2+2?
6. l+4+2+*=10?
6. 3+l + 2+*=10?
7. 2 + 4+3 + *=10?
8. 4 + l + 2 + *=10?
24 colburn's first part.
(J. How many more are —
1. 10 than 6? 4. 7 than 4?
2. 8 than 3? 5. 10 than 7?
3. 10 than 5 ? 6. 10 than 8 ?
D. 1. 10—8? 5. 10—5+3?
2. 10—7? 6. 10—4—3 + 6?
3. 10—6? 7. 10—3 + 2—4?
6. 10—3? 8. 10—4—4+5?
E. 1. Ahunter shot 3Hrds from oneflock, 2fiom
another, and 5 from another. How many did he
shoot in all ?
2. Anna says she has 10 picture-books, of which
her mother gave her 3, her teacher gave her 1, her
aunt gave her 1, her uncle gave her 1, and her fa-
ther gave her the rest. How many did her father
give her ?
3. Edward had a half-dime, a three-cent piece,
and 2 cents. How many cents were they worth?
He bought an apple for 2 cents, an orange for 3
cents, some candy for 1 cent, and some raisins for 3
cents. How many cents had he left ?
4. Albert and Timothy went a-fishing one day.
Albert caught 3 perch, 2 pickerel, and 4 trout.
Timothy caught 2 perch, 3 pickerel, 3 trout, and 2
eels. How many more fish did Timothy catch than
Albert ? Albert gave his 4 trout in exchange for
Timothy's 2 perch and 3 pickerel. How many fish
had each boy then ?
LESSON ELEVENTH.
25
LESSON XI.
Eleven arrows. 11 arrows.
Eleven. 11. //. XI.
/'/ aao-iefj^.
A.
1.
10 + 1?
8.
6+5?
2.
9+2?
9.
5+6?
3.
2+9?
10.
4+2+3?
4.
8 + 3?
11.
2+5+4?
5.
3+8?
12.
2+2+1+2+2+2?
6.
7+4?
13.
1+2+2+2+1+2?
7.
4+7?
14.
3+1+3+2+2?
B. 1. 5+*=ll?
2. 2 + *=ll?
3. 4 + *=ll?
C. 1. * from 11 = 5?
2. * from 11=6?
3. * from 11 = 7?
4. 2+2+5 + *=ll?
5. 3+4 + *=ll?
6. 3 + 3 + 3+*=ll?
4.
5.
6.
* from 11=4?
* from 11 = 8?
* from 11 = 3 ?
26 COL burn's rmsT part.
D. 1. 11—4? 8 11—3?
2. 11—2? 9. 11—10?
3. 11—6? 10. 5+4 + 2-6?
4. 11—8? 11. 1 + 2+4 + 4—3?
5. 11—5? 12. 2 + 5 + 3—8?
6. 11—9? 13. 3 + 1 + 5—3?
7. 11—7? 14. 7 + 4—3—3?
E. 1. A person was shooting arrows at a target,
and I observed that when he had shot 3 arrows, and
placed another in his bow, there were 7 lying on the
ground. How many were there in all ?
2. William owned 3 arrows, George owned 2, and
Rufus 5. How many did they all own ? One after-
noon, as they were playing with their bows and
arrows, William lost 1 arrow, Rufus lost 1 and broke
1, and George found a very nice one, which some boy
had lost. How many arrows had the boys then ?
3. One beautiful afternoon in June, Emma and
Hannah went out to gather wild flow^ers, and make
boquets. Emma made 4, and Hannah made 5, when
they put the rest of their flowers together, and made
2 very pretty boquets. They put them all in a bas-
ket, and went home. They gave 3 to Hannah's
mother, and 1 to her sister ; and they gave 3 to
Emma's aunt, and 2 to her teacher ; after which,
Emma took 1, and Hannah took the rest. How
many did Hannah take?
LESSON TWELFTH.
27
LESSON ZII.
Twelve eggs. 12 eggs. /J*
Twelve. 12. /J*. XII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10 + 2?
2 + 10?
9+3?
3 + 9?
8+4?
4 + 8?
7+5?
B. 1. 4+*=12?
2. 5 + *=12?
3. 3 + *=12?
0. 1. 6 from 12 ?
2. 9 from 12?
3. 2 from 12?
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
5+7?
6 + 6?
3+3+3+3?
3+2+3+2?
1+4+3+3?
2+5+2+3?
4+2+2+4?
4. 3+4+3 + *==12?
5. 2 + l + 4 + * + 12?
6. 2 + l+2+*=12?
4. 8 from 12?
5. 10 from 12?
6. 7 from 12 ?
28 colburn's first part.
D. 1. 12—4? 6. 12—9?
2. 12—3? 7. 12—3—4?
3. 12—7? 8. 2 + 7 + 3—6?
4. 12—8? 9. 12—5—2?
5. 12—10? 10. 1 + 8 + 2—4?
E. 1. Alfred found a hen's nest, with a large
number of eggs in it. He took out 3, and then took
out 4 more, when he found that there were 5 left in
the nest. How many were there in the nest at first ?
When he was putting the eggs back, he carelessly
broke 2. How many were then left ?
2. Alice had 11 little chickens, but 2 of them
died, 2 of them got lost, and a rat killed 3. How
many then remained ?
3. Benjamin earned a half-dime, and found a
three-cent piece and 4 cents. He bought a top for
8 cents, after which he received a present of 8 cents.
How much money had he then ?
4. Annie had 7 pictures, and Emma had 5. Annie
gave away 3 pictures, and Emma received a present
of 2 ; after which Emma lost 3, and Annie found 1.
How many pictures had each girl then ? How many
had both ?
LESSON
IHIRTEENTH. 29
LESSON XIII
«
/f"^*^^/^^^^
^W^ '^^^#*I
^
g
||KMyfev^
1
11^^
f
Chirteen sheep.
18 sheep. /J* ^/^^.
Thirteen. 13.
/3.
XIII.
A.
1.
10 + 3?
7.
7+6?
2.
3 + 10?
8.
6+7?
3.
9+4?
9.
2+3+4+3?
4.
4+9?
10.
1+4+2+6?
5.
8 + 5?
11.
4+3+3+4
6.
5 + 8?
12.
•1 + 5 + 3+4?
B.
1.
3+*=13?
4.
3 + 4 + *=13?
2.
5 + *=13?
5.
4 + 2 + 4+*=13?
3.
6 + *=13?
6.
2 + 3+4 + *=13?
C.
1.
9 from 13 ?
4.
6 from 13?
2.
7 from 13 ?
6.
5 from 13 ?
3.
4 from 13 ?
6.
8 from 13 ?
3*
H:
80 colburn's first part.
D. 1. 13—*=7? 4. 13— *=9?
2. 13— *=4? 5. leS— *=6?
3. 13— *=8? 6. 13— *=5?
E. 1. Mr. Green owns 13 sheep, and Mr. Allen
owns 7. How many more does Mr. Green own than
Mr. Allen ? If Mr. Green should sell 4 sheep to
Mr. Allen, how many would each have ?
2. A farmer had 3 sheep in one pasture, 5 in
another, and 4 in another ; but at night he drove
them all into one pen. How many were there in
the pen ? The next day he drove 6 of them into
one pasture, 2 into another, and the rest into an-
other. How many did he drive into the last pasture ?
3. A little boy had 13 marbles. He lost 4, and
gave away 3, when, finding it was school-time, he
put the rest into a box. When he came from
school, he found his little brother Erastus had been
playing with the box, and had lost 3 of the mar-
bles. How many were left in the box ? His father
afterwards gave him 2 cents, with which he pur-
chased 5 marbles. How many marbles had he
then ?
LESSON
FOURTEENTH. 31
LESSON
XIV.
i
I
^^t^^saw^^^^^^^C^
^^p^^s
^^^^^m
^j^^^K
S^
Fourteen barrels
3. 14 barrels. /^ ^atte/d.
Fourteen. 14.
/A.
XIV.
A.
1.
10+4?
6.
6 + 8?
2.
4 + 10?
7.
7 + 7?
3.
9 + 5?
8.
2+1+7+4?
4.
5+9?
9.
4+2+8?
5.
8r6?
10.
3+4+2+4?
B.
1.
7 + *=14?
4.
3+4 + *=14?
2.
5 + *=14?
6.
4+6 + *=14?
3.
6 + *=14?
6.
2 + 4+3 + *^14?
C,
1.
9 from 14 ?
4.
8 from 14?
2.
6 from 14 ?
5.
7 from 14? ,,,-
i
3.
4 from 14 ?
6.
4 from 14?' '^
32 colburn's first part.
D. 1. 14—4—3? 4. 4 + 5 + 5—6 + 3?
2. 14—6 + 3? 5. 8 + 2 + 3—5—3?
3. 14—7+5? 6. 3 + 2+4 + 5—6—3?
E. 1. A teamster had a load of 14 barrels. He
unloaded 6 at the store of Shaw & Co., 3 at a railroad
depot, and the rest at the store of Saunders k
Brown. How many did he unload at the last place ?
Not long after, he had a load of 13 barrels, and he
unloaded 4 of them at one place, and 3 at another,
after which he took on his truck 8 barrels more.
How many had he then on his load ?
2. Susan has 6 books without pictures, and 7 books
with pictures. How many books has she ?
3. Austin has 14 books. Waldo had 6. His mo-
ther gave him 3, and his father gave him enough to
make as many as Austin. How many did his father
give him ?
4. One day, Henry went out to look for chest-
nuts. He found 6 under one tree, 3 under another,
and 5 under another. After eating 8 of them, and
finding 6 more, he went home, carrying his chest-
nuts with him. He gave 3 of them to his father, 3 to
his mother, 4 to his little sister Lucy, and the rest to
his brother Francis. How many did he give to
Francis ?
LESSON FIFTEENTH.
33
LESSON XV.
Fifteen apples. 15 apples. ^5 a/?A^a
Fifteen. 15. <f5. XV.
A. 1. 10 + 5?
2. 5+10?
B. 1. 8 from 15 ?
2. 6 from 15 ?
3. 10 from 15?
C. 1. 15-7 + 3?
2. 15-6+4?
3. 1,5-9-5?
D. 1. 15-*=7?
2. 15-*=6?
3. 15-*=-9?
3. 9 + 6?
4. 6+9?
5. 8+7?
6. 7 + 8?
4. 7 from 15?
5. 5 from 15?
6. 9 from 15?
4. 8 + 2+5-7?
5. 4+3+8-6?
6. 2 + 7 + 5-8 + 3?
4. 15-*=5?
5. 15-*==8?
6. 14-*=10?
C
34 colburn's fibst part.
E. 1. Mary found 3 apples under one tree, 4 apples
under another, and 8 under another. How many
did she find in all ? As she was bringing them to
the house, she stopped to play with her kitten, and
accidentally dropped most of them, as you see in the
picture. On picking them up, she found that 6 of
them were bruised a little, and 1 of them, which the
kitten played with, was bruised very badly. The rest
were not bruised at all. How many were not bruised
at all?
2. Julia made 4 squares of blue patch-work, 3
squares of brown, and 8 squares of red. How many
did she make in all ?
3. Hattie hemmed 15 handkerchiefs, 5 of them
were for her sister Lydia, 2 were for her brother
Cyrus, 3 for her father, and the rest for her mother.
How many did she hem for her mother?
4. Augusta received 4 merit-marks on Monday, 3
on Tuesday, 1 on Wednesday, 2 on Thursday, and 5
on Friday, and on Saturday school was not in ses-
sion. How many merit-marks did she receive through
the week? How many more than Emeline, who
obtained but 9 during the week ?
LESSON SIXTEENTH.
35
LESSON XVI.
Sixteen tents. 16 tents. ^6 lent^.
Sixteen. 16. ^6. XVI.
A. 1. 10 + 6?
2. 6 + 10?
3. 9 + 7?
B. 1. 8+*=16?
2. 6 + *=16?
3. 2 + 5 + *=16?
C. 1. 16-6?
2. 16-9?
3. 16-7?
4. 7+9?
4. 3+4+2 + *=16?
5. 4+2+4 + *=16?
6 l+3+2+*=16?
4 IG— *=-7?
5 16-*=9?
6. 16— *=8'^
30 colburn's first part.
D. 1. 14=4+*? 6. 16=104-*?
2. 16 = 6f*? 7. 13=10+*?
3. 13=3+*? 8. 14=10 + *?
4. 12=2 + *? 9. 12=10 + *?
5. 11=1 + *? 10. 11=10 + *?
E. 1. 4 + 2? 6. 3 + 13?
2. 14 + 2? 7. 1+4?
3. 4 + 12? 8. 11+4?
4. 3 + 3? 9. 1 + 14?
5. 13 + 3?
F. 1. On a certain muster-field, tliere were 8
tents in one row, and 8 in another. How many were
there in both rows ?
2. Albert was asked how many chestnuts he had,
to which he replied, " If I should give my father 3,
my mother 4, my little sister Anna 4, and my bro-
ther George 3, T should have but 2 left." How many
chestnuts had he ?
3. Lucy read 6 pages of history in the morning,
and 10 in the afternoon, but when questioned about
it, she found that she had forgotten all but 4 pages.
How many had she forgotten ?
4. I had 3 dollars, and received 6 dollars of one
man, 3 of another, and 2 of another, when I paid
away 8 dollars, after which I received 4 dollars.
How many had I then ?
LESSON SEVENTEENTH,
37
LESSON XYII.
Seventeen birds. 17 birds. ^7 ^irc/d-.
Seventeen. 17. //. XVII.
A. 1. 10+7?
2. 7+10?
3. 8+9?
B. 1. 4+5+*=17?
2. 3+7 + *=17?
4. 9 + 8?
5. 3 + 5+9?
6. 7+2+8?
3. 4 + 3+*=17?
4. 4 + 4 + *=17?
C. 1. * from 17=8 ? 3. * from 17=7 ?
2. * from 17=10 ? 4. =f: from 17=9 ?
D. 1. 3 + 1 + 3?
2. 13+1 + 3?
3. 3 + 11 + 3?
4. 2 + 2 + 2?
5. 12 + 2 + 2?
6. 2 + 12 + 2?
38 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
E. 1. 4-f*-7? 7. 3 from 7?
2. 4 + *=17? 8. 3 from 17?
3. 14 + *=17? 9. 13 from 17?
4. 3 + *=6? 10. 1 from 6?
5. 3 + *-16? 11. 1 from 16?
6. 134->K=16? 12. 11 from 16?
F. 1. Jane gave 6 cents to a beggar-woman, Lucy
gave 3, Sarah gave 5, and Abbj gave 3. How many
(lid all give her ?
2. The beggar-woman spent 10 cents for bread,
after which Julia gave her 4 cents, Nancy gave her
3 cents, and Susan gave her 2 cents. How many
cents had she then ?
3. A gardener picked 8 roses from one bush, 7
from another, and 2 from another. How many did
he pick in all ? He put 4 of the roses in one boquet,
5 in another, and 3 in another, and the rest in
another. How many did he put in the last boquet ?
4. Samuel bought a quart of molasses for 10
cents, and then had 6 cents left. How many cents
had he at first ?
5. He made his molasses into candy, 9 sticks of
which he sold for 7 cents, and the remaining 8 sticks
he sold for 6 cents. How many sticks did he sell ?
How many cents did he receive for it ? How many
more cents did he receive for his candy than he paid
for his molasses ?
LESSON E I G H T K E N T U .
39
LESSON XVIII.
Eighteen books. 18 books, /o M<m<S:
Eighteen. 18. /<?. XVIII.
A. 1. 10 + 8?
2. 8 + 9?
B. 1. 8 + *=18?
2. 9+*=18?
3. 10+*=18?
C. 1. * from 7=3?
2. * from 17=3?
3. * from 17=13?
3, 9+9?
4. 2 + 2 + *=14?
5. 12 + 2+*=14?
6. 2+12 + *=14?
4. * from 8=4?
5. * from 18=4 ?
6. * from 18 = 14?
40 COL burn's first part.
D. 1. 8—2—2—2? 5. 9 + 6 + 3—4?
2. 18—2—2—2? 6. 9 + 3+4—2?
3. 18—12—2—2? 7. 10 + 3 + 4—3?
4. i7_3_3 + 4? 8. 18—4—4 + 3 + 2?
E. 1. One " Fourth of July," Robert's father
gave him a dime, his mother gave him a half-dime,
and his uncle gave him a three-cent piece ; but he
exchanged them all for their value in cents. How
many cents did he receive for them ?
2. He paid 8 cents for a bunch of crackers, and
4 cents for torpedoes, and the rest of his money to
see some animals, which were exhibited in a tent.
How many cents did he pay to see the animals ?
3. Mr. Gay owns a garden, a pasture, a wood-lot,
and an orchard. His garden contains 2 acres, his
pasture 6 acres, his wood-lot 4 acres, and his orchard
enough to make up 18 acres. How many acres does
his orchard contain ? If he should sell his wood-lot
and orchard, how many acres would he have left ?
4. I had 17 dollars this morning, but I have since
bought a hat for 4 dollars, and a pair of boots for 6
dollars. I have also received 11 dollars, which a
friend owed me, and paid a debt of 7 dollars. How
much money have I now ?
LESSON NINETEENTH. 41
LESSON XIX.
-z^^-r-^'T?^
%^-^-T r-„
^^^^Hipp
Wk^m
^^^R3
^^p
Nineteen wild geese. 19 wild
geese. ^PwuUaffede.
Nineteen. 19. /^. XIX.
A.
1. 10 + 9? 5.
14 + 2 + *=19?
2. 9 + 10? 6.
4+2 + *=19?
3. 10 + *=19? 7.
19 3 3 ?
4. 9 + *-19? ■ 8.
19 3 13?
B.
Ho;y many more are —
1. 9 than 2 ? 4.
8 than 3 ?
2. 19 than 2? 5.
18 than 3 ?
3 19 than 12 ? 6.
18 than 13 ?
C.
1. 4 + 3+4+5? 6.
4 + 6 + *=19?
2. 8 + 3+*=19? 7.
9 + 3 + 5— *=8?
3. 5 + 7+4 8? 8.
10+4 + 4— *=11?
4. 8+6 + 6—7? 9.
3+3+3+3+3+3?
5. 6 + 4+4+4? 10.
1+3+3+3+3+3?
42 colburn's first part.
D. 1. One day, Edward and Susan saw a flock of
wild geese, which contained just 19. Some sports-
men shot 4 of them, which so frightened the rest,
that 6 of them flew towards the east, and the re-
mainder towards the west. Another party of hunt-
ers seeing those which were flying towards the west,
shot 2 of them, when the rest flew towards the east,
and joined that part of the flock which had first
flown in that direction. How large a flock was there
then ?
2. Frank has money enough to buy a pencil for
3 cents, a pen for 6 cents, some ink for 4 cents, and
an inkstand for 5 cents. How much money has he ?
3. Frank's sister has money enough to buy a pen,
and inkstand like Frank's, and 5 cents worth of
paper. How many cents has she ?
4. Walter and Reuben had each 12 cents. But
Walter earned 5 cents by doing an errand, and
Reuben spent 5 cents for confectionery. How many
cents had each of the boys then ? How many more
had Walter than Reuben ?
LKSSON TWENTIETH.
43
LESSON XX.
Twenty soldiers. 20 soldiers. SO Mu/ieu
Twenty. 20. 20. XX.
A. 1. 10+10?
2. 10 + *=20?
3. 20=* tens?
4. 20—10 ?
B. 1. 3+*=.10? 4. 1+*=:10?
2. 3 + *=20? 5. l-l-*=20?
3. 13+*=20? 6. ll+*=20?
C. 1. 3 + 5+7+4? 4. 2+1+4+9 + 4?
2. 2+9+4 + 6? 5. 4 + 9+2 + 2 + 2?
3. 6 + 7 + 3 + 5? 6. 2 + 4+4+4+4?
44 colburn's first part.
7. 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 24-2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2?
8. 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2+2 + 2?
9. 3 + 3 + 3-13 + 3 + 3?
10. 1 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3?
11. 2+3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3?
12. 20—2—2—2—2—2—2—2—2 + 2 + 2 ?
13. 19-2—2-2—2—2—2-2—2-2 ?
14. 20—3—3—3—3—3—3 ?
15. 19—3—3—3—3—3—3 ?
16. 18—3—3—3—3—3—3 ?
D. 1. Little Willie had 20 toy-soldiers. Replaced
3 in front for officers, and then arranged the rest in
3 rows, placing 7 in the first row, 6 in the second,
and the rest in the third. How many did he place
in the third row?
2. Arthur was telling his mother about the boys
who went to his school. He said that 4 of them had
neither hoops nor kites, that 6 had kites only, that
7 had hoops only, and that 3, including himself, had
both hoops and kites, and this comprised all the
boys in the school. How many boys were there in
the school?
3. Isaac and Francis were playing ball with Au-
gustus and Reuben. Isaac batted the ball 11 times,
and Francis batted the ball 9 times. Augustus batted
it 10 times, and Reuben 7 times. How many times
did Isaac and Francis bat it ? How many times did
Augustus and Reuben bat it ? Isaac caught the ball
9 times, and Francis caught it 7 times. Augustus
caught it 9 times, and Reuben caught it 10 times.
LESSON TWENTIETH. 45
How many more times did Augustus and Reuben
catch it than Isaac and Francis ?
4. Three idle boys, Thomas, Joseph, and Samuel,
were disputing about their examples. Samuel said
he performed 6 examples on Monday, 3 on Tuesday,
and 5 on Wednesday. Joseph said he performed 3
on Monday, 5 on Tuesday, and 6 on Wednesday.
Thomas said he performed 6 on Monday, 3 on Tues-
day, and 5 on Wednesday. Each thought he had
performed more than either of the others ; so they
quarreled about it. N6w, can you tell who had done
the most ? William, who was an industrious boy,
performed 20 examples on Monday. How many
more than Samuel did he perform on that day ?
How many more than Joseph ? How many more
than Thomas ? How many more than each of the
others performed in three days ?
5. Susan and Mary had each 9 oranges. Susan
gave 5 of hers to Mary, and Mary ate 2. They then
put what they had left together, intending to keep
them until the next week; but before that time 4
of them had spoiled. They then so divided the good
ones among them, that Mary had 6. How many
had Susan ?
G. Mr. Wheelock had 6 dollars, but he has since
received 9 dollars, spent 10 dollars for broad-cloth,
received an old debt of 2 dollars, found 2 dollars,
received 7 dollars for work, paid 8 dollars for a bar-
rel of flour, 2 dollars for a barrel of apples, and lost
6 dollars. How many dollars has he now ?
46 colburn's first part.
LESSON XXI.
2 tens = twenty, and is wi'itten 20, or SO,
3 tens = thirty, and is written 30, or 30.
4 tens = forty, and is written 40, or AO,
5 tens = fifty, and is written 50, or SO,
6 tens=sixty, and is written 60, or OO,
7 tens= seventy, and is written 70, or /^O
8 tens = eighty, and is written 80, or oO,
9 tens^ninety, and is written 90, or ^0,
10 tens = one hundred, and is Avritten 100, or /OO.
E. How many tens^re there —
1. In 50? 4. In 70? 7. In 90?
2. In 80? 6. In 20? 8. In 40?
3. In 30? 6. In 60? 9. In 100?
C. "What number is equal to each of the following :
1. 3 tens? 4. 4 tens? 7. 6 tens?
2. 9 tens ? 6. 8 tens ? 8. 2 tens ?
3. 10 tens ? 6. 7 tens ? 9. 5 tens ?
D. How will you write each of the following num-
bers in fio-ures ?
LESSON TWENTY-FIRST. 47
1. Forty? 4. Ninety? 7. Thirty?
2. Eighty? 5. Seventy? 8. Sixty?
3. Twenty? 6. Fifty? 9. One hundred ?
E. 1. 4 tens + 5 tens ? Then 40 + 60 ?
2. 4 tens + 4 tens ? Then 40 + 40 ?
3. 7 tens + 3 tens ? Then 70 + 30 ?
4. 6 tens -|- * tens = 9 tens ? Then 60 + * =: 90 ?
6. 4 tens -f * tens = 10 tens ? Then 40 + * = 100 ?
6. 2 tens + * tens = 6 tens ? Then 20 + ^ = 60 ?
7. 8 tens — 5 tens ? Then 80 -— 50 ?
8. 4 tens — 3 tens ? Then 40 — 30 ?
9. 10 tens — 3 tens ? Then 100 — 30 ?
F. 1. 404-30+20? 7. 30+30+40—50?
2. 50+20+30? 8. 20+20+20+20+20—70?
3. 20+30+30? 9. 100—20—20—20—20+50?
4. 20+40+20? 10. 90—00—20+^=60?
6. 40+20+30? 11. 20+30+40—^ = 70?
6. 30+30+40? 12. 100— 30— 30— 20+)t = 80?
G. 1. A man gave 20 cents for Harpers' Magazine, 20 for Put-
nam's, and 50 for the North American Review. How many cents
did he pay for all ?
2. A provision-dealer had 20 bushels of potatoes. He after-
wards bought 20 bushels of one man, 30 of another, and 30 of
another, and then sold 40 bushels to one man, and 30 to another.
How many bushels had he left ?
8. A farmer, who owned 90 sheep, kept 40 in one pasture, 30
in another, and the rest in another. How many did he keep in
the last pasture ? He drove 10 sheep from the second pasture
48 colbuiin's first part.
into the first, and 20 from the second into the third. How many
were then in each pasture ?
4. Sarah found 20 walnuts under one tree, and 30 under an-
othef, while Lydia found 30 under one tree, and 20 under another.
How many did each find ? How many did both find ?
5. Sarah gave 20 nuts to Jane, and Lydia gave her 10. How
many did both give her ? How many had each left ? How many
had the three girls ?
6. George has 20 cents, Williams has 20, and Edward has 20
more than George and William together. How many has Edward?
How many have all the boys? They agreed to put their money
together and purchase some articles with it. They bought some
paper for 20 cents, some pencils for 20 cents, and some pens for
10 cents, and a pretty story-book for the rest of their money.
How much did the story-book cost ?
LESSON XXII.
A. A unit is a single thing, or one.
2 tens -|- 1 unit = twenty-one = 21.
2 tens -\- 2 units = twenty-two = 22.
2 tens -|- 9 units = twenty-nine = 29.
3 tens -f- 1 unit = thirty-one = 31.
8 tens -|- 7 units = eighty-seven = 87.
9 tens -f- 9 units = ninety-nine = 99.
B. Count from twenty to one hundred^ thus : —
Twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, &c., &c.
What is the value of —
1. 20-J-8? 3. 30-1-7? 5. 60 -f 9?
2. 40 -I- 6 ? 4. 90 -I- 3 ? 6. 20 -}- 5 ?
LESSON TWENTY-SECOND, 49
C. How many tens and units are there —
1. In 64? 4. In 28? 7. Li23?
2. In 87? 6. In 60? ^ 8. In 19 ?
3. In 73? 6. In 07? 9. In 91 ?
Explanation. — The figure vrhich represents the units of a number
is called the units' figure, and that which represents the tens is
called the tens* figure.
Point out the tens' figure, and also the units' figure, in the
numbers written under letter C.
The position, or place occupied by the unit's figure, is called the
units* place, and that occupied by the tens* figure is called the tens'
place. The tens' place is always just at the left of the units.
A period, called the decimal point, is often used to aid in determin-
ing the place of figures ; the first place at the left of the point being
the units' place, the second at the left being the tens' place, and the
third the hundreds'. When the point is not written, it is understood
to belong at the right of the given number, thus making the right-
hand figure the units' figure.
E. Write each of the following numbers : —
1. Seventy-nine. 3. Fifty-seven. 5. Eighty-six.
2. Twenty-four. 4. Sixty -nine. 6. One hundred.
F. 1. 4 + 2 + 2? 9. 3+4+4f = 9?
2. 24 + 2 + 2? 10. 3 + 4+^ = 29?
3. 84 + 2 + 2? 11. 3+24+^ = 29?
4. 4 + 72 + 2 ? 12. 3 + 74 + * = 79 ?
6. 6 + 3 + 2? 13. 2 + 4 + ^- = 10?
6. 65 + 3 + 2^? 14. 2 + 4 + * = 40?
7. 95 + 3 + 2? 15. 2 + 4 + ^ = 70?
8. 85 + 3 + 2? 16. 2 + 4 + ^ = 100?
G. 1. 2 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 5+3 + 5+2+3?
2. 2 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 7 + 1+2?
6 . — p =
' 1
GO
COLB urn's first PART.
3.
3 + 3-f4-f34-34-4-f3-|-3-f4 + 3?
4.
53 + 3_[-4-f3 + 3 + 4-f3-f3-f44.3?
6.
24 4-2 + 4 + 1 + 7 + 2 -I. 4 + 6 -f. 2 + 5?
6.
35 + 3 + 2+3 + 7 + 1 + 9 + 2 + 4 + 2?
7.
42 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 2+7+1?
8.
67 + 3+1 + 3 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4+1?
9.
14+6 + 4+6+3 + 7 + 5+5 + 4+4?
10.
31 + 2 + 4+3 + 5 + 5+8 + 2 + 3 + 4?
H. 1.
9 — 3 — 4? 4. 10 — 2 — 5?
2.
29 — 3 — 4 ? 5. 40 — 2 — 5 ?
3.
99 — 3 — 4? 6. 50 — 2 — 45?
I. 1.
70 — 4 — 3 — 3 — 4 — 3 — 3—4?
2.
100 — 3 — 5 — 2 — 3 — 5 — 2 — 3?
3.
80 — 2 — 4 — 4 — 2 — 4 — 4 — 2? «
4.
40 — 8 — 2 — 5 — 5 — 2 — 4 — 3?
5.
70 — 6 — 4 — 2 — 8 — 3 — 5 — 2?
6.
100 — 3 — 4 — 3 — 10 — 5 — 5 — 3?
7.
25 + 3 + 2 + 8 — 5 — 3 — 6 — 4?
8.
83 + 7 + 2+8 — 3 — 7—5 — 5
9.
63 + 4 + 2+1 + 2 + 4 — 6 — 5?
10.
90 — 8 — 2—3 — 7—9+6+3?
J. 1.
One day, George was reckoning up his money. He said his
father gave him 25 cents at one time, and 5 at another ; that his | j
mother
gave him 3 cents at one time, and 7 at another ; and that
his uncle Rufus gave him 6 cents at one time, and 3 cents at an- 1 1
. other.
How many cents had he ?
2 Samuel think3 that the sum of23 + 4 + 3 + G + 4 + 4 + 5, is |
LESSON TWENTY-SECOND. 51
49, while William thinks it is 48, and Lydia thinks it is 47. How
much do you think it is ?
3. Sarah had 50 cents ; she spent 10 cents for ribbon, 4 cents
for sewing-silk, and 5 cents for needles. How many cents had
she left ?
4. As Eliza was picking up shells on the sea-shore, she found
15 in one place, 5 in another, 3 in another, 7 in another, and
enough to make up 40 in another. How many did she find in the
last place ?
5. Erastus and Edwin played *' odd or even," beginning their
game with 20 grains of corn a-piece. The first time Erastus won
3 grains from Edwin, the second time he won 3 grains, and the
third time he won 4. How many had each boy then ?
6. A party of hunters, on counting their game, found that they
had shot 23 pigeons, 7 partridges, 20 quails, 3 woodcocks, and 3
snipes. How many birds had they shot in all ?
1: Laura found 44 blackberries in one place, 6 in another, 2 in
another, 8 in another, and 9 in another, when, feeling tired, she
sat down to rest. She ate 9, and put 4 in a hole for a squirrel to
eat, and threw C to some birds. She then found 20, and started
for home, but on her way she unfortunately lost 8. How many
had she to carry home ?
8. Mr. Day went out to pay some debts that he owed, and to
collect some money that was due him, taking with him 30 dollars.
He paid 7 dollars to a shoemaker, 3 dollars to a laborer, and 5
dollars to a hatter. He then received 5 dollars from Mr. Baker,
30 dollars from Mr Smith, and 8 dollars from Mr. Sumner, after
which he paid Mr. Gay 6 dollars for groceries, and 2 dollars for
cloth, and Dr. Fogg 7 dollars for services as a physician. How
much money had he left ?
52
C L B U R X
S FIRST PART.
LESSO]^ XXIII.
A. 1.
9+8?
6
6+89!
2.
19 + 8?
7.
4+7?
3.
49+8?
8.
14+7?
4.
6+9?
9
4+37?
6.
36+9?
10.
4 + 67?
B. 1.
6 + 8+9?
7.
6 + -x- = 14?
2.
16 + 8 + 9?
a
6 + * = 34 ?
3.
66 + 8 + 9 ?
9.
46 + * = 54?
4.
9 + 7 + 8?
10
3 + ^ = 11?
5.
89+7+8?
11.
13 + ^ = 21?
6.
9+77 + 8?
12.
3+*== 61?
C. 1.
13 — 8?
6.
94 — 6?
2.
23 — 8?
7.
11—5?
3.
93 — 8?
8.
81—5?
4.
14 — 6?
9.
41 — 5?
6.
44 — 6?
10.
91 — 5?
To THE Teacher. — Vary and extend the preceding exercises till
the scholars appreciate the connexion between 9 + 8, 15 + 8, 29 -t- 8, <fcc.,
12 + 9, 23 + 9, 83 + 9, &c., and understand fully that as 9^4- 8 = 17, or
7 more than 10, so 49 + 8 = 7 more than 50, or 57 ; that as 13 — 9 = 4,
go 23 — 9 = 14, 83 — 9 = 74, &c. The great objects to be aimed at are
accuracy and promptness, the latter being scarcely less important than
the former.
r
1
LESSON T W E N T y - X II I 11 D .
1'
58
D. 1. 48 + 4?
12.
73+9 + 6 + 9
9
2. 37 + 6?
13.
28+5+8+7
+ 4?
3. 29 + 7?
14.
49+7 + 6+8
?
4. 53 + 8?
15.
67+8 + 4 + 9^
6. 74+7?
16.
67+8+4+6
?
6. 23+9+5 + 8?
17.
57 + 6—2 — 8:
7. 2
7 + 6 + 8+5?
18.
67+8 — 9 — 6?
8.- 34+8+9—7?
19.
33+8+4+9+7+6+5+3 :
9. 26+3+5—6?
20.
56+6+9+3+8+5+4+6 ?
10. 2
5+8+4-9 ?
21.
45+8+9+7+4+9+6+5 ?
11. 29+7+9+4 ?
22.
38+6+7+7+5+8+9+8 ?
E. Find the sum of the following columns : — j
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
9
3
3
7
7
5
6
9
9
A
9
6
6
A
B
7
A
2
3
5
6
5
7
§
9
9
B
5
6
3
3
7
A
2
3
9
2
A
6
6
5
3
S
A
7
9
6
3
3
9
A
7
9
—
—
—
—
—
6*
54 colburn's first part.
To THE Teacher. — It will be a valuable exercise for the pupil to
count by twos, threes, fours, &c., i. e., to call the results obtained by
successive additions of the same number to itself, or some other num-
ber, till all possible combinations are exhausted.
Thus, in adding threes, we shall exhaust the varieties of combination
by beginning thus ; three, six, nine, twelve, &c. ; two, five, eight,
ELEVEN, &c. ; ONE, FOUR, SEVEN, TEN, <fcc. A similar course may be
taken in subtraction.
F. 1. Henry bad 42 cents. He earned 9 cents hy doing errands,
5 cents by holding a gentleman's horse, and 8 cents by delivering
a letter, after which he spent 7 cents. How many cents had he left ?
2. A newsboy bought 8 copies of the Boston Post, 9 of the
Atlas, 10 of the Traveller, 7 of the Bee, 10 of the Journal, and 1
of the Transcript. How many papers did he buy in all ? He sold
all but 7 of them. How many did he sell ?
3. A trader bought 8 yards of cloth, for which he paid 13 dol-
lars ; 6 yards for which he paid 9 dollars, 9 yards for which he
paid 8 dollars, and 6 yards for which he paid 8 dollars. How
many yards of cloth did he buy in all? How many dollars did
he pay for it ?
4. A man bought a horse for G3 dollars, and was obliged to sell
him for 8 dollars less than he cost him. For how much did he
sell him ?
5. A farmer who had 33 bushels of corn, sold 6 bushels for 5
dollars. IIow many bushels had he left?
6. Mr. Adams owned 40 acres of land, and bought enough to
make up 54 acres. How many did he buy ?
7. Sarah had 32 roses. She gave 9 to one of her companions,
8 to another, and, when she had given some to another, she had
7 left. How many did she give to the last?
8. A trader bought a lot of grain for 54 dollars, and it cost him
3 dollars more to have it carried to his store. For how much
must he sell it to gain 9 dollars ?
LESSON TWENTY-FOURTH. 65
9. Mr. Edwards sold a colt for 57 dollars, a sheep for 8 dollars,
a calf for 5 dollars, and a cow for 30 dollars, and in part payment
received a horse worth 93 dollars. How much still remained due ?
10. Mr. Boy den and Mr. Manchester each bought a yoke of
oxen. Mr. Boyden gave in paj^ment for his oxen, a cart worth
47 dollars, 1 ten-dollar bill, 1 five-dollar bill, 1 three-dollar bill, 7
one-dollar bills, and 9 silver dollars. Mr. Manchester gave in
payment for his oxen, a cow worth 30 dollars, a double eagle
worth 20 dollars, an eagle worth 10 dollars, a half-eagle worth 5
dollars, an ox-yoke worth 10 dollars, and 9 dollars worth of hay.
Which paid the most for his oxen, and how much the most ?
LESSON XXIV.
A. 1. 30+50? 7. 40 + 20-1-20?
2. 32 + 50? 8. 43 + 20 + 20?
3. 39 + 50? 9, 40 + 28 + 20?
4. 20 -^ 60? 10. 30 + 20 + 40 ?
5. 25 + 60? 11. 38 + 20 + 40?
6. 20 + 68? 12. 30+20 + 47?
B. 1. How many are 24 -f 67 ?
SoLUTioJf.--24 and 60 are 84, and 7 are 91.
2. 63 + 29? 11. 27 + 58+12?
3. 26+55? 12. 33 + 47 + 16?
4. 37+48? 13. 24 + 29+47?
5. 24 + 37? 14. 24 + 29+37?
6. 73 + 19? 15. 27 + 27+27?
7. 28+53? 16. 11 + 46 + 25?
8. 37 + 67? 17. 34 + 26 + 27?
9. 29 + 29? 18. 16 + 17+19?
56 colburn's first part.
-\]
C. 1. 80—20? 7. 90 — 80?
2. 86 — 20? 8. 97 — 80?
3. 60 — 30? 9. 80 — 40?
4. 67 — 30? 10. 86 — 40?
5. 70 — 40? 11. 60 — 30?
6. 77 — 40? 12. 53 — 30
D. 1. 68-26?
Solution. — 68 minus 20 are 48, minus 6 are 42.
2. 43 — 17? 7. 81 — 23?
3. 92 — 67? 8. 52 — 27?
4. 83 — 48? 9. 48 — 29?
5. 61 — 23? 10. 97 — 58?
6. 56 — 19?
E. 1. 63 + 37 — 82? 4. 64 + 36 — 48?
2. 48 + 35 — 27? 5. 25 + 39—42?
3. 24 + 67 — 19? 6. 27 + 64 — 18?
F. 1. Joseph bought a "First Book of Arithmetic" for 25
cents, and a slate for 13 cents. How much did he pay for both ?
2. Martha's mother gave her 75 cents with which to purchase
school-books and paper. She bought a Primary Geography for
37 cents, a Spelling Book for 17 cents, and spent the rest of her
money for paper. How much did she spend for paper ?
3. A farmer sold a horse for 93 dollars, which was 26 dollars
more than he gave for him. How much did he give for him ?
4. A horse dealer bought a horse for 54 dollars, and after pay-
ing 17 dollars for keeping him, he sold him for 96 dollars. How
much did he gain by the transaction ?
LESSON TWENTY-FOURTH. 57
5. A man bought a sleigh for 21 dollars. He paid 9 dollars for
painting and repairing it, and then gave it and 18 dollars in mo-
ney for another sleigh. How much did the second sleigh cost
him?
6. From a cask containing 64 gallons of oil, 18 gallons were
drawn out at one time, and 25 at another, after which 17 gallons
were put in. How many gallons were then in the cask ?
7. There were 18 sheep in one flock, 27 in another, and 39 in
another ; but at night they were all put into the fold. How many
were there in the fold ? The next day, 23 were driven to one
pasture, 26 to another, and the rest to another. How many were
driven to the last pasture ?
8. Ralph shot 27 pigeons, 15 partridges, 14 woodcocks, and as
many quails as there were partridges and woodcocks together.
How many quails did he shoot? How many birds in all?
9. Mr. Thompson owes 13 dollars to Mr. Baker, 9 dollars more
to Mr. Ellis than to Mr. Baker, and as much to Mr. French as he
owes to Mr. Thompson and Mr. Ellis together. How much does
he owe to each, and how much to all ?
10. Mr. Talbot bought a large lot of apples. His son George asked
how much they cost him, to which he replied: " I paid 17 dollars
in silver, 25 in gold, and 13 dollars more in bank bills than in
silver and gold together. Now, if yon will tell me what they cost,
I will give you the difference between their cost and 100 dollars."
George answered correctly. What was his answer, and how much
money did his father give him ?
58 colbukn's first part.
LESSON XXV.
A. The numbers above one hundred are counted
thus : — '
One hundred one, one hundred two, one hundred three, Jfc, to one
hundred ninety-eight, one hundred ninety-nine, two hundred, two hun*
dred one, two hundred two, two hundred three, ^'C, to ten hundred,
which is generally called one thousand, ten hundred one, or one
thousand one, ten hundred ttvo, or one thousand two, &c., to elei^en
hundred one, or one thousand one hundred one, &c., to nineteen hun-
dred ninety-nine, or one thousand nine hundred ninety-nine, twenty
hundred, or two tltousand.
Ten hundred, or one thousand is written 1000. Twenty hun-
dred, or two thousand, is written 2000. Thirty hundred, or three
thousand, is written 3000. Ninety hundred, or nine thousand, is
written 9000.
The following exercises suggest the manner of reading and
writing numbers above one hundred : —
100 -f 2 = 102. 1000 -f 10 == 1010.
400 -f 9 = 409. 1100 -f. 3 = 1103.
100 -f 10 = 110 1000 4- 28 = 1028.
100 + 11 = 111. 1100 4- 11 = 1111.
300 4-12 = 312. 11004- 17=1117.
600 4- 20 = 620. 1000 4- 117 = 1117.
100 4- 29 = 129. 3200 4- 20 = 3220.
1000 4- 1 = 1001. 4200 4- 34 = 4234.
1000 4- 4 == 1004. 4000 4- 234 = 4234.
LESSON TWENTY-SIXTH. 69
B. Eead the following numbers : —
/. A27 5. 5^ A p. //i'cf
2. ^6B 6. s^oy ^0 6oo6
3. S60 7. ^5S6 //. S22A
A. 630 8. 37M ^^' ^^'^7
C. Write each of the following in figures : —
1. Three hundred twenty-seven.
2. Eight hundred four.
3. Seventeen hundred twenty-eight.
4. Forty-six hundred thirty-six.
5. Four thousand six hundred thirty-six.
6. Twenty-six hundred six.
To THE Teacher. — For other exercises in Notation and Numera-
tion, see Arithmetic and its Applications.
LESSON XXVI.
Addition.
A- All such questions as " How many are 6 -|- ^ + ^ ?"
<<4^8-|-9?" &c., are questions in Addition. We are required
in the first to add 6, 9, and 7 together ; and in the second, to add
4, 8, and 9. It is obvious that in each, we are required to find a
number equal in value to all the given numbers. Thus, in the
first question, we are required to find a number equal in value to
6-f 9-f 7.
Addition is a process by which we find a number equal in value to
several given numbers.
60 colburn's first part.
The number tlms found is called the sum or amount of the
I given numbers. Thus the sum of C, 9, and 7 is 22, for
6-1-9 + 7=- 22.
B. When writing large numbers for addition, we place them in
a column, so that the figures of the same denomination shall come
under each other, i. e., so that units shall come under units, tens
under tens, &c. We then begin at the right hand, and add the
columns separately, as in the following examples : —
1. What is the sum of 723 + 896 + 589 -j- 967 ?
Solution. — Writing the numbers as opposite, we first '/^ ^ 9
add the units' column, 7 + 9-f-6-J-3==25 units == 2 tens '
and 5 units. Writing 5 units, and adding 2 tens to the
tens' column, we have 2-|-6-|-8 + 9-|-2 = 27 tens = 2
hundreds, and 7 tens. Writing 7 tens, and adding 2 hun-
dreds to the hundreds' column, we have 2 -f- 9 -j- 5 -f"
8 4-7 = 31 hundreds, which, being the sum of the last
column, we write. The answer, therefore, is 3175.
3/75
To test the correctness of the work, examine it carefully to see
if any error can be detected. Or, add the numbers again, begin-
ning at the top of the column.
To THE Teacheu. — The design of thi^ work renders it impracticable
to give further illustrations here, but the Teacher can readily supply
them if they are needed by the class. (See Arithmetic and its
Applications, Sect. IV.)
C. Add the following : —
12 3 4 6
SAP A/7 SS7 Sp6 BA3
37 s 2S6 6/3 /7B 2AB
6 AS A3p ASB S5p 537
376 67P 85 A A3B AS>p
LESSON TWENTY-SEVENTH. 61
6. 4254-487 + 569 + 837+694?
7. 854 + 308 + 560 + 716 + 593 ?
8. 672 + 481 + 326 + 425 + 519 ?
9. 243 + 495 + 826 + 324 + 476 ?
10. 627+ 756 + 434+ 874+999 ?
LESSON XXVII.
Subtraction.
A. Such questions as " 4 from 9?" " 12 — 6?" "How many
more are 17 than 8?" &c., are questions in Subtraction.
"We are required, in the first, to subtract 4 from 9 ; in the
second, to subtract 6 from 12; and in the third, to subtract 8
from 17.
Subtraction is a process by which we find the difference between two
numbers, or the excess of one number over another.
The larger of the two given numbers is called the minuend, the
smaller, or one to be subtracted, is called the subtrahend, and
the answer is called the difference, or remainder.
B. We write large numbers for Subtraction, so that figures of
the same denomination shall come under each other, and subtract
as illustrated in the following examples : —
1. How much is 8436 — 6122?
Solution. — Writing the numbers as opposite, we have / 0/j
2 units from 6 units leave 4 units; 2 tens from 3 tens
leave 1 ten ; 1 hundred from 4 hundreds leaves 3 hun- S / Q9
dreds ; 6 thousands from 8 thousands leaves 2 thousands.
Therefore, the answer is 2 thousands, 3 hundreds, 1 ten,
and 4 units, or 2314. 23 if A
62 coLB urn's first part.
Ill the same manner perform tlie following : —
2. 4893 — 1231? 5. 4867—1614?
3. 5987 — 3125? 6. 9318 — 2106?
4 8958 — 6713? 7. 6985 — 1401?
C. If a figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponi-
ing figure of the minuend, we take one of the next higher
denomination of the minuend, and reduce (t. e.. change) it to the
required denomination, as in the following example : —
1. How much is 947 — 458 ?
Solution. — As we cannot subtract 8 units from 7 units, wo. take one
of the 4 tens (leaving 3 tens), and reduce
V o y/'V _ f minuend changed in form to show
OVOj// I the reduction.
Q j^ y^ *=" minuend.
ji- S O ^ subtrahend.
^ O p =• quotient.
to its value in units : 1 ten = 10 units, which, added to the 7 units,
gives 17 units : 17 units - 8 units = 9 units.
As we cannot take 5 tens from 3 tens, we take one of the 9 hundreds,
leaving 8 hundreds, and reduce it to its value in tens : 1 hundred = 10
tens, which, added to the 3 tens = 13 tens ; 13 tens — 5 t-ens = 8 tens.
4 hundreds from 8 hundreds leave 4 hundreds. Therefore, 947 —
458 = 4 hundreds, 8 tens, and 9 units, or 489.
To prove the correctness of the answer, add the subtrahend
and remainder together; if their sum is equal to the minuend,
the work is correct ; if not, there is an error in the subtraction or
the addition, and the work should be re-examined to detect it.
To THE Teacher. — For more full illustrations, see Arithmetic and
ITS Applications.
LESSON TWENTY-EIGHTH. 63
2. 48G4 — 2579? 8. 5426 — 3987?
3. 8149 — 34G3? 9. 9943 — 4399?
4. 2769 — 1487? 10. 9333 — 8888?
5. 2144 — 1397? 11. 4634 — 2359?
6. 8432 — 3586? 12. 9257 — 4328?
7. 4374 — 5856? 13. 8642 — 5853?
LESSON XXVIII.
The method of writing numbers by figures is called the Arabic
Method.
There is a method of expressing numbers by letters, called the
Roman Method. The letter I stands for one, V for five, X for ten,
L for fifty, C for one hundred, D for five hundred, and M for one
thousand.
If a letter is repeated, it indicates that the number for which it
stands is repeated. Thus : I stands for one, II for two, III for
three, X for ten, XX for twenty, XXX for thirty, CC for two
hundred, &c., &c.
If a letter representing one number stands before a letter,
representing a larger number, the value of the formei is sub-
tracted from the value of the latter. Thus : IV = 1 from 5 = 4,
IX = 1 from 10 = 9, XL = 10 from 50 = 40, XC = 10 from
100 = 90, &c.
If a letter representing one number stand before a letter repre-
senting a smaller number, the value of the former is to be added to
the value of the latter. Thus: VI = 5+ 1 = 6, XI = lO-f- 1 = 11,
XV = 10 -I- 5 = 15, &c. CX = 100 -f 10 = 110. Hence —
64 COLBURN'S i'lRST PART.
1=1 XI == 11 XXI = 21
II = 2 XII = 12 XXIV = 24
III = 3 XIII = 13 XXV = 25
IV = 4 XIV == 14 XXX = 30
V = 5 XV = 15 XXXIX = 39
VI == 6 XVI = 16 XLIV = 44
VII = 7 XVII = 17 LXX = 70
VIII = 8 XVIII = 18 LXXXIX = 89
IX == 9 XIX = 19 XC = 90
X = 10 XX = 20 CXXXIX = 139
LESSON XXIX.
Tables of Moneys, Weights, and Measures.
A. The money we use is called United States or Federal
Money.
TABLE OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
10 mills = 1 cent.
10 cents = 1 dime.
10 dimes = 1 dollar.
10 dollars = 1 eagle.
The coins of the United States are : the cent, the three-cent
piece, the half-dime, worth 5 cents; the dime, worth 10 cents;
the quarter-dollar, worth 25 cents; the half-dollar, worth 50
cents ; the dollar, worth 100 cents ; the three-dollar piece ; the
eagle, worth 10 dollars ; the double-eagle, worth twenty dollars ;
the half-eagle, worth five dollars ; the quarter-eagle, worth two
and a half dollars, and the fifty-dollar piece.
* In reciting these tables, let the pupils say " equal" in place of
'* make one," the phrase often used.
LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. 65
The character $ placed at the left of figures, shows that they
represent dollars, or values in United States Money. The dollars
are alwa3*s placed at the left of the decimal point (See Lesson
XXV), and the cents and mills at the right.
Thus, to express 14 dollars 38 cents, we should write 14 at the
left of the decimal point, and 38 at the right of it. Thus : $14.38.
Illustration. — $ 8.27 = 8 dollars, 27 cents.
$15.06 = 15 dollars, 06 cents.
$2,327 •=» 2 dollars, 32 cents, 7 mills.
Read the following : —
1. $4.28. 3. $82.36. 5. $40.03.
2. $5.37. 4. $75.07. 6. $28.79.
B. The money used in England is called English or Sterling
Money.
TABLE OF STERLING MONEY.
PULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
4 farthings = 1 penny. 4 gr. = Id.
12 pence = 1 shilling. 12 d. = Is.
20 shillings = 1 pound. 20 s. = 1£.
The English pound is worth about $4.84.
The English shilling is worth about a quarter of a dollar, and the
English penny is worth about 2 cents. The term shilling is sometimes
used in New York, New England, and some other States of the Union,
but it does not mean an English shilling. A New York shilling is
worth just 12J cents. A New England shilling is worth just 16§
cents. The ninepence of New England is the same as the shilling of
New York.
C. Iron, flour, sugar, wool, coal, and almost all articles except
gold, silver, and jewels, are weighed by Avoirdupois Weight.
"^ 6* E
66 colburn's first part.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
16 drams = 1 ounce. 16 dr. = 1 oz.
16 ounces = 1 pound. 16 oz. = 1 lb.
25 pounds = 1 quarter. 25 lbs. = 1 qr.
4 quarters = 1 hundred weight. 4 qrs. = 1 cwt.
20 hundred weight = 1 ton. 20 cwt.= 1 T.
N3TE. — Formerly the quarter was reckoned at 28 lbs., the hundred-
weight at 112 pounds, and the ton at 2240 lbs., and they are so reck-
oned at the present time in Great Britain, and at the United States
Custom Houses. Merchants usually reckon them as given in the table.
D. Gold, Silver, and precious stones are weighed by Troy
Weight.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
24 grains = 1 pennyweight. 24 gr. = 1 dwt.
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce. 20 dwt. = 1 oz.
12 ounces = 1 pound. 12 oz. = 1 lb.
E. Apothecaries' Weight is used in compounding or mixing
medicines, but they are sold by Avoirdupois weight.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
20 grains = 1 scruple. 20 gr. =19.
3 scruples = 1 dram. 3 9 = 1 5.
8 drams = 1 ounce. 8 .:^ = 1 5.
12 ounces = 1 pound. 12 g == 1 ib.
F. COMPARISON OF AVOIRDUPOIS, TROY, AND APOTHE-
CARIES' WEIGHT.
A pound Avoirdupois is heavier than a pound Troy, but an
ounce Avoirdupois is not so heavy as an ounce Troy.
Their relative weights may be seen in the following table of
comparison, which expresses the value of each in grains Troy ; —
1 lb. Avoirdupois = 7000 grains Troy,
lib. Troy = 1 lb. = 5760 "
1 oz. Avoirdupois = 437 J **
1 oz. Troy = Ig = 480 "
1 dr. Avoirdupois = 27J^^ "
1 3 Troy r= 60 "
19" = 20 *«
Idwt. = 24 "
1 gr. Apothecaries = 1 **
LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. 67
It follows, then, that —
144 lbs. Avoirdupois = 175 Troy.
192 oz. " = 175 oz. Troy.
1 lb. " = J-Jf of 1 lb. Troy.
1 oz. " = {.Jl of 1 oz. Troy.
G. Long Measure is used for measuring lengths and dis-
tances.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
12 lines = 1 inch. 12 1. =1 in.
12 inches = 1 foot. 12 iR.= 1 ft.
3 feet = 1 yard. 3 ft. = 1 yd.
5 J yards, or •. 5 J yds., or ^
y =1 rod, or pole. V = 1 rd. or p.
lejfeet / ^ 16Jft. / ^
40 rods = 1 furlong. 40 rds. = 1 fur.
8 furlongs = 1 mile. 8 fur. = 1 m.
3 miles = 1 league. 3 m. =1 le.
H. Cloth Measure is used for measuring cloths, silks, &c.
PULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
2J inches = 1 nail. 2J in. = 1 na.
4 nails = 1 quarter. 4 na. = 1 qr.
4 quarters = 1 yard. 4 qr. = 1 yd.
I. Square Measure. — This measure is used in measuring
land, and all kinds of surfaces.
Preliminary Defitiitions. — An anc/le is the diflference in direction
of two lines. The point where the lines meet is called tha vertex
of the angle.
When the two angles formed by one straight line meeting
another are equal to each other, they are called rfght ai^gles.
68 colburn's first part.
One line i^ perpendicular to another when it makes 'right angles
with it.
^- The angle A C B is equal to the angle
BCD, and hence they are right angles.
D. Therefore, B C is perpendicular to A D.
An angle greater than a right angle, is
called an obtuse angle, and an angle less than a right angle is
called an acute angle.
A RIGHT ANGLE. AN ACUTE ANGLE. AN OBTUSE ANGLE.
A four-sided figure having all of its angles right angles, is called
a rectangle.
A rectangle having all of its sides equal, is called a square. A
square, then, has four equal sides, and four equal angles.
A square foot is a square measuring one foot on everj side. A
square yard is a square measuring a yard on every side, &c.
TABLE OF SQUARE MEASURE.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
144 square inches = 1 square foot. 144 sq. in. = 1 sq. ft.
9 square feet = 1 square yard. 9 sq. ft. = 1 sq. yd.
30J- square yards, or >» 30J sq. yds. or >|
}. = 1 sq. rod. V =1 sq. rd.
272J square feet, i 272J sq. ft. J
40 square rods = 1 rood. 40 sq. rds. = 1 R.
4 roods = 1 acre. 4 R. = 1 A.
040 acres = 1 square mile. 640 A. = 1 sq. m.
J. Cubic Measure. — Cubic Measure is used in measuring
solids.
A solid is a magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness.
LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. 69
A cube is a rectangular solid, whose length, breadth, and
height, are equal. It may also be defined as a solid bounded by
six equal squares.
A cube 1 foot long, 1 foot wide, 1 foot high, would be a cubic
foot.
A cube 1 yard long, 1 yard high, and 1 yard wide, would be a
cubic yard.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic /foot. 1728 cu. in. = 1 cu. ft.
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. ^^ ^- ^^- ^^ ^ ^^- y^'
16 cubic feet = 1 cord foot. IG cu. ft. = 1 cd. ft.
8 cord feet, or ^ 8 cd. ft. or
I =1 cord wd.
128 cubic feet J 128 cu,
W V.^^. il. Ul -\
1 cord wd. y =1 cd. wd.
. ft. /
K. Circular or Angular Measure. — Circular or Angular
Measure is used to measure angles, and the circumferences of
circles.
A circle is a surface bounded by a curved line, which is every-
where equally distant from a point within, called the centre. The
boundary line is called the circuTfiference of the circle.
The figure represents a circle, of which C.
is the centre.
The distance from the centre of a circle to
the circumference is called the radius.
The distance from a point on one side of a
circle through the centre to a point on the
opposite side is called the diameter. Any portion of the circum-
ference is called an arc.
Every circumference of a circle, whether large or small, is sup-
posed to contain 360 equal parts, called degrees. Each degree is
divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes, and each minute into
60 equal parts, called seconds.
70 colburn's first part.
A degree may be considered simply as the 360th part of the
circumference of thz circle considered. Hence its length, as well
as that of its subdivisions, must vary with the size of the circle.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
60 seconds = 1 minute. 60'''' = V.
60 minutes = 1 degree. 60-^ = 1°.
360 degrees = 1 circumference. 860° = 1 circ.
L. Dry Measure is used for measuring grain, nuts, salt, &c.
PULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE*
2 pints = 1 quai|p 2 pts. = 1 qt.
8 quarts = 1 peck. 8 qts. = 1 pk.
4 pecks = 1 bushel 4 pks. = 1 bu.
The chaldron of 36 bushels is sometimes used in measuring coal.
Ch. is the sign for chaldron.
The bushel contains 2150| cubic inches, and the quart contains
67^ cubic inches.
M. All kinds of liquids are measured by Liquid Measure.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
4 gills = 1 pint. 4 gls. = 1 pt.
2 pints = 1 quart. 2 pts. = 1 qt.
4 quarts = 1 gallon. 4 qts. = 1 gal.
The hogshead of 68 gallons is used in estimating the contents
of reservoirs, or other large bodies of water ; but in all other cases
the term hogshead is not a definite measure. Casks containing
from 50 or 60, to 100 or 200 gallons, are called hogsheads.
A barrel of cider is usually reckoned at 81 J gallons.
The gallon contains 231 cubic inches.
The beer gallon is sometimes used in measuring beer, milk, and
ale. It contains 282 cubic inches, and the beer quart contains
70J cubic inches.
LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. 71
N. COMPARISON OF DRY, LIQUID, AND BEER MEASURE.
1 qt. dry measure = 67^ cubic inches.
1 qt. liquid measure =r 57J cubic inches.
1 qt. beer measure == 70J cubic inches.
0. TABLE OF TIME.
FULL TABLE. ABBREVIATED TABLE.
60 seconds = 1 minute. 60 sec. = 1 min.
60 minutes = 1 hour. 60 min. = 1 h.
24 hours = 1 day. 24 h. = 1 d.
7 days = 1 week, 7 d. = 1 wk.
865 days, or 52 >. 3G5 d. or 52 wk,
>l ooo a. or i)^ WK. %
1=1 year. ^^^ | = 1 y.
weeks, IJ days. ^ l^ d.
To avoid the inconvenience of reckoning J day with each year,
every fourth year (called leap year) is reckoned at 366 days, and
the others at 365.
The year is divided into 12 months, which differ somewhat in
length, as is seen in the following
TABLE OF MONTHS.
January has 31 days. July has 31 days.
February has 28 days.* August has 31 days.
March has 31 days. September has 30 days.
April has 30 days. October has 31 days.
May has 31 days. November has 30 days.
June has 30 days. December has 31 days.
* Except in leap year, when it has 29.
72 colburn's first part.
p. MISCELLANEOUS.
12 things = 1 dozen.
12 dozen = 1 gross.
12 gross = 1 great gross,
20 tilings = 1 score.
A barrel of beef or pork "weighs 200 lbs.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 lbs.
, PAPER.
24 sheets = 1 quire.
20 quires = 1 ream.
BOOKS.
A sheet folded in 2 leaves is called a folio.
" ♦* «• " 4 «* ** " quarto, or 4to.
" " «« «* 8 " " " octavo, or 8vo.
" «* " " 12 " " " duodecimo or 12mo.
" " " *< 18 " " " 18mo.
This book is a duodecimo.
Q. FRENCH MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.
The folio-wing measures and weights are often referred to in
this country, especially in scientific works :
rRENCH LONG MEASURE.
10 millimetres = 1 centimetre.
10 centimetres = 1 decimetre.
10 decimetres = 1 metre.
10 metres = 1 decametre.
LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. 73
10 decametres = 1 hectometre.
10 hectometres = 1 kilometre.
10 kilometres = 1 myriametre.
The metre is regarded as the unit of measure, and equals 39.371
of our inches. It is the twenty-millionth part of the distance
measured on the meridian, from one pole to the other.
FRENCH WEIGHTS.
10 milligrammes = 1 centigramme.
10 centigrammes == 1 decigramme.
10 decigrammes = 1 gramme.
10 grammes = 1 decagramme.
10 decagrammes = 1 hectogramme.
10 hectogrammes= 1 kilogramme.
10 kilogrammes = 1 myriagramme.
The gramme is regarded as the unit of this weight, and equals
about IS.yyy*^ grains Troy.
The kilogramme is the weight most frequently used in business
transactions, and equals very nearly 2^ pounds Avoirdupois.
FRENCH MONEY.
10 centimes = 1 decime.
10 decimes = 1 franc.
The franc equals 18| cents, and the five-franc piece often seen
in the United States, is equal m value to 93 cents.
74
colburn's
FIRST PART.
LESSON XXX.
A. TABLE
•
Add 10 twos together.
2 times 1, or once 2=2
2 times 6, or 6 times 2 =
12
2 times 2 =4
2 times 7, or 7 times 2 =
14
2 times 3, or 3 times 2=6
2 times 8, or 8 times 2 =
16
2 times 4, or 4 times 2 = 8
2 times 9, or 9 times 2 =
18
2 times 5, or 5 times 2 = 10
2 times 10, or 10 times 2=
.20.
B. 1.
* times 7 = 14?
6.
4 = * times 2 ?
2.
* times 2 = 14?
7.
20 = * times 2 ?
3.
•je times 4 = 8 ?
8.
16 = -jv times 2 ?
4.
* times 2 = 12 ?
9.
10 = •}«• times 5 ?
5.
* times 2 = 18?
10.
6 = * times 2 ?
C. 1.
4 times ^ = 8?
6.
10 = 2 times * ?
2.
2 times « = 8 ?
7.
4 = 2 times * ?
3.
2 times* = 10?
8.
20 = 2 times * ?
4.
2 times * = 6 ?
9.
12 = 2 times * ?
6.
2 times * = 14 ?
10.
18 = 2 times * ?
D. 1.
8 times 2, plus 4 = ^f
times 10?
2.
2 times 5, plus 8 = *
times 2
,?
3.
7 times 2, minus 6 =
* times 4?
1
4.
2 times 9, minus 6 =
* times 2 ?
5.
2 times 4, plus 8 = *
times 2 ?
LESSON THIRTIETH. 75
To THE Teacher. — The reasoning processes of the following exam-
ples are very important, and should be thoroughly understood by the
scholars. Not till, by much drill and many repetitions, they have
become perfectly familiar, can they safely be omitted or neglected.
Indeed, if the pupil must, in his first exercises, omit either, it is far
better to give the reasoning process, and omit the answer, than to
omit the process, and give the answer only.
1. 2 pks. = -jf qts ?
Solution. — Since 1 peck = 8 quarts, 2 pecks must equal 2 times 8
quarts, or 16 quarts. Therefore, 2 pks. = 16 qts.
2. 6 qts. = ^ pts. ? 5. 2 yds. = -x- qrs.
3. 2 wks.= ^ da. ? G. 2 ,^. == ^- 9 ?
4. 2 dimes = -x- cents? 7. 2 sq. yds. = ^ sq. ft.?
8. How much will 6 apples cost at 2 cents a-piece ?
Solution. — Since 1 apple costs 2 cents, 6 apples will cost 6 times 2
cents, or 12 cents. Therefore, 6 apples at 2 cents each will cost 12
cents.
9. How much will 8 books cost at 2 dollars a-piece ?
10. How much will 2 hats cost at 5 dollars a-piece ?
11. How far will a man walk in 2 hours, if he walks at the rate
of 4 miles per hour ?
12. How many bushels will 8 boxes hold, if each box holds 2
bushels ?
13. How many quarts of berries will George pick in 9 days, if
he picks 2 quarts per day ?
14. How much will 10 pairs of shoes cost at 2 dollars per pair?
F. 1. 16 .^ = * § ?
Solution. — Since 8 drams Apothecaries' equal one ounce, 16 drams
must be equal to as many ounces as there are times 8 in 16, which are
2 times. Therefore, 16 3 = 2 3.
76 colburn's first part.
2. 6 ft. = * yds. ? 5. 16 qts. = * pts. ?
3. 20 pts. == * qts. ? 6. 8 qrs. = -5^ yds. ?
4. 14 da. = * wks. ? 7. 16 pts. = * qts. ?
8. How many apples at 2 cents a-piece can be bouglit for 12
cents ?
Solution. — If one apple can be bought for 2 cents, as many apples
can be bought for 12 cents as there are times 2 in 12, which are 6
times. Therefore, 6 apples at 2 cents a-piece can be bought for 12
cents.
9. How many oranges at 3 cents a-piece can be bonght for 6
cents ?
10. How many shawls, at $7 each, can be bought for $14?
11. How many boxes, holding 2 bushels each, will be required
to hold 20 bushels of apples ?
Solution. — If 1 box is required to hold 2 bushels, as many boxes
will be required to hold 20 bushels as there are times 2 in 20. There-
fore, 10 boxes, each holding 2 bushels, will be required to contain 20
bushels of apples.
12. How many hours will it take a man to walk 14 miles, if he
walk at the rate of 2 miles per hour ?
13. How many days would it take a man to earn 10 dollars, if
he earned 2 dollars per day ?
14. How many pieces 8 feet in length can be cut from a piece
of string 16 feet in length ?
LESSON THIRTY-FIRST.
77
LESSON XXXI.
A.
Add 10 threes together.
Note.— The pupil should supply the missing part of this and the
subsequent tables, by his knowledge of the preceding ones.
TABLE.
3 times 3 = 9.
3 times 7, or 7 times 3 =
21.
3 times 4, or 4 times 3 = 12.
3 times 8, or 8 times 3 =
24.
3 times 5, or 6 times 3 = 15.
3 times 9, or 9 times 3 =
27.
3 times 6, or 6 times 3 = 18.
3 times 10 or 10 times 3 =
30.
B. 1.
* times 3 = 15 ?
5. 9 = ^^ times 3 ?
2.
* times 3 = 6 ?
6. 12 = 4ftimes4?
3.
* times 7 = 21 ?
7. U = ^ times 7 ?
4.
* times 3 = 30 ?
8. 24 = * times 8 ?
C. 1.
6 times * = 18?
5. 12 = 3 times * ?
2.
3 times * = 21 ?
6 24 = 3 times * ?
3.
3 times* = 27?
7. 15 = 5 times ^ ?
4.
8 times * = 16 ?
8. 30 == 3 times -^ ?
D. 1.
5 times 3, plus 5 = *
times 2 ?
2.
3 times 8, plus 6 = *
times 3 ?
3.
9 times 3, minus 9 =
* times 6 ?
4.
4 times 3, plus 4 = *
times 8 ?
;
5.
2 times 9, plus 6 = *
times 3 ?
7*
78 colburn's first part.
E. 1. 3 wks. = * da. ? 4. 3 yds 3 qrs. == * qr. ?
2. 2 bu. 5 pks. = * pks. ? 6. 3 pks. 7 qts. = ^ qts. ?
3. 9 yds. 2 ft. = * ft. ? 6. 7 qts. 1 pt. = * pts.
7. Francis says that he has money enough to buy 3 cocoa-nuts
at 9 cents a-piece, and still have 6 cents left. How much money
has he ?
8. William has 9 three-cent pieces, and 8 cents besides. How
many cents has he in all ?
9. Arthur has 3 half-dimes, and 2 three-cent pieces. How
much money has he ?
10. How many pen-holders, at 3 cents a-piece,*can be bought
for 15 cents ?
11 Willie had 27 cents, which he exchanged for their value in
three-cent pieces. How many three-cent pieces did he get ?
12. Amelia had 20 very nice apples. She ate 2, and divided
the rest among her playmates, giving 3 to each. Among how
many did she divide them ?
13. If Augustus has 37 apples, how many will he have left after
giving 3 of his companions 7 apples a-piece ?
14. Sarah bought 9 spools of thread at 3 cents a-piece, and
then had money enough left to buy 2 skeins of silk at 3 cents per
skein. How much money had she at first ?
15. Simon had 42 cents. He gave 10 cents for a writing book,
and 5 for an inkstand, and then exchanged the rest of his money
for three-cent pieces. How many three-cent pieces did he get ?
LESSON THIRTY-SECOND. 79
LESSON XXXII.
TABLE.
A. Add 10 fours together.
4 times 4 = 16. 4 times 8, or 8 times 4 = 32.
4 times 5, or 6 times 4 = 20. 4 times 9, or 9 times 4 = 36.
4 times 6, or 6 times 4 = 24. 4 times 10, or 10 times 4= 40.
4 times 7, or 7 times 4 = 28.
B. Explanations and Definitions. — To multiply a number by 4,
is the same as to find 4 times that number; to multiply a number by
7 is the same as to find 7 times that number, <fcc., Ac. Thus, to mul-
tiply 6 by 4 is the same as to find 4 times 6, which is 24.
6 multiplied by 3 = 3 times 5 = 15.
8 multiplied by 4 = 4 times 8 = 32.
Multiplication, theriy is the process of finding any number of times
a given number.
The number to be taken some number of times is called the multi-
plicand ; the number showing how many times it is to be taken is
called the multiplier ,• the answer is called the product.
Thus, in " 8 times 3 = 24," 8 is the multiplier, 3 the multiplicand,
and 24 is the product,
Name the multiplier, multiplicand, and product in each of the
following examples : —
1. 9 times 4 = 36. 4. 4 times 6 = 24.
2. 3 times 8 = 24, 6. 3 times 3 = 9.
3. 7 times 4 s=r 28. 6. 4 times 4—16.
The multiplier and multiplicand are called factors of the
product.
Thus, in 9 times 4 = 36, 9 and 4 are factors of 36.
Name the factors in the above examples.
80
colburn's first part.
Two oblique lines crossing thus, X > form the sign of multipli-
cation.
It may be read either as *' times" or as " multiplied by."
Thus,
"6X3 = 18" may be read either as " 6 times 3 = 18," or
" 6 multiplied by 3 = 18."
To
the Teacher. — It will probably be well to have the pupils at 1 1
first
reac
the sign of multiplication as though written "times;" but
they
should learn to read and use it in either way, as occasion may 1 1
require.
c.
1.
*X4 = 16? 9. 40 = *x4?
2.
* X 3 = 18 ? 10. 28 = * X 4 ?
3.
* X 4 = 36? 11. 24 = * X 4?
4.
*X5 = 20? 12. 32 = * X 8?
5.
4 X * = 40 ? 13. 32 = 4 X * ?
6.
6x* = 20? 14. 36 = 4 X*?
7.
4x* = 28? 15. 24 = 6 X*?
8.
2x* = 12? 16. 16 = 4 X*?
D.
1.
7 times 4, plus 8 = * times 9 ?
2.
9 times 8, plus 5 = * times 4 ?
3.
5 times 3, plus 3 times 7 = * times 4 ?
4.
2 plus 7, plus 6 times 3 = -x- times 8 ?
E.
1.
3 pk. 6 qt. = * times 5 qt. ?
Solution. — 3 pk. 6 qt. = 30 qt. ; and 30 qt. contains 5 qt. as many
times as 30 contains 5, which are 6 times. Hence 3 pk. 6 qt. = 6 times
5qts
Abbreviated Solution. — 3 pk. 6 qt. = 30 qt. ; and 30 qt. = 6 times 1 1
5 qt.
Hence 3 pk. 6 qt. = 6 times 5 qt.
2.
3 wk. 3 da. = * times 4 da. ?
3.
7 gal. 2 qt. = •}«• times 3 qt. ?
4.
2 wk. 4 da. == * times 6 da. ?
5.
6^23= times 2 9 ?
6.
8 yd. = ^t times 1 yd. 1 ft. ?
7.
4 gal. 2 qt. = ^ times 1 gal. 2 qt.
LESSON THIRTY-SECOND. 81
8. Edward can -walk 4 miles per hour, and Herma-n can walk
3. How far can Edward walk in 6 hours ? Can Herman ?
9. Richard bought 8 newspapers at 2 cents a-piece, and scld
them for 4 cents a-piece. How much did he gain on them ?
10. If Daniel has 50 chestnuts, how many wiU he have left
after giving 4 of his companions 9 chestnuts a-piece ?
11. I bought 9 yards of cloth at $4 per yard, but it being
damaged, I was obliged to sell it for $12 less than it cost me.
For how much did I sell it ?
12. 1 bushel = * quarts?
13. 1 yard r= -x- nails ?
14. 4 pt. = ^ gills ?
15. Arthur had a basket which held just 4 qt., and he picked
nuts enough to fill it 6 times. How many quarts did he pick ?
How many pecks ?
16. How many oranges at 4 cents each can be bought for 6
three-cent pieces and 2 cents ?
17. How many apples at 3 cents a-piece can be bought for 6
oranges at 4 cents each ?
18. How many pairs of boots at $5 a pair, can be bought for
10 yards of cloth at $3 per yard ?
19. A man bought 10 quarts of berries, which he put into boxes
each holding 5 pints. How many pints of berries did he buy ?
How many boxes did he fill ?
20. Lucius is shelling corn into a three-peck measure, which he
empties into a bin large enough to hold 6 bushels 3 pecks. How
many pecks must he shell to fill the bin ? How many measure- ' I
fuls?
21. A newsboy sold 9 papers at 8 cents a-piece, and after
spending 9 cents, gave the rest of his money for papers at 2 cents
a-piece. How many papers did he get ?
82 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
22. A man gave 8 hats at $4 a-piece, and $8 in money for coats
at $10 a-piece. How many coats did he receive ?
23. A man put 7 gallons 2 quarts of molasses into jugs each
holding 3 quarts. How many jugs did he fill ?
24. Rufus had a string 5 yards 1 foot long, which he cut into
pieces just 2 feet long. How many pieces did it make ?
25. An apothecary put 6 .^ 1 9 of powders into papers, each
holding 2 9. How many papers did he fill ?
LESSON XXXIII.
A. Add 10 fives together.
5 times 5 = 25.
6 times 6, or 6 times 5 = 30.
6 times 7, or 7 times 6 = 35.
6 times 8, or 8 times 6 = 40.
6 times 9, or 9 times 5 = 45.
5 times 10, or 10 times 5 = 50.
B. Add 10 sixes together.
6 times 6 = 36.
6 times 7, or 7 times 6 == 42.
6 times 8, or 8 times 6 = 48.
6 times 9, or 9 times 6 = 54.
6 times 10, or 10 times 6 = 60.
CI. *X6==36? 6. 42=r*x7?
2. *X8 = 48? 6. 54 = *x9?
8. *x5 = 45? 7. 54 = *x6?
4. *X6 = 30? 8. 25=:*x5?
LESSON THIRTY-THIRD. 83
D. 1. 9x* = 54? 6. 60 = 6 X*?
2. 7X*=35? 6. 40 = 8 X*?
3. 6 X ^ = 48? 7. 86 = 6 X *?
4. 8X* = 40? 8. 42 = 7 X*?
Explanation. — To diride a nnmber by 2 is to find how many times
2 equal it.
To divide a number by 6 is to find how many times 6 equal it
Hence, 35 divided by 5 = 7i for 35 = 7 times 5; 48 divided by
8 = 6, for 48 = 6 times 8.
Division, then, is the process of finding how many times one number
must be taken to equal another number
The number to bo divided is called the dividend. The number br
Trhich we divide is called the divisor, and the answer is called the
QUOTIENT.
Thus, in 35 divided by 7 == 5, 35 is the dividend, 7 is the divisor,
5 is the quotient.
In 54 =» * times 6, 54 is the dividend, & is the divisor, and 9, the an-
swer, is the quotient.
Name the divisor, dividend, and quotient of the following
examples : —
28 divided by 7 = 4. 86 = * x 6 ?
48 divided by 6 = 8. 20 = * x 5 ?
85 divided by 7 = 5. 28 = * X 7 ?
By these illustrations it appears that division is just the reverse
of multiplication.
A horizontal line with one dot above, and another below it,
forms the sign of division, thus : —. It may be read *' divided by."
28 -r 7 = 4 may be read, "28 divided by 7 equal 4."
F. What is the quotient of —
1. 16 ~- 4? 4. 25 — 5? 7. 18-^3?
2. 24—3? 6. 48-7-6? 8. 24—8?
3. 32 -f- 8 ? 6. 42 -T- 7 ? 9. 64 -7- 9 ?
84 colburn's first part.
Ct. 1. 5 wk. Id. -f- 1 wk. 2 da. ?
Solution. — 5 wk. 1 da. — 36 daj'^s ; 1 wk. 2 da. = 9 days j and 36
da. = 4 times 9 da. Hence, 5 wk. 1 da. -r 1 wk. 2 d. = 4.
2. 3 pk. 6 qt. -r- 1 pk. 2 qt.
3. 6 yd. 2 ft. -^ 1 yd. 2 ft.
4. 9 gal. -i- 2 gal. 1 qt.
5. 6 wk. 3 da. -r 1 wk. 2 da.
6. 3g63-M§23.
7. 3 sq. yd. 6 sq. ft. ~ 8 sq. ft.
8. I sold 7 quarts of chemes at 6 cents per quart, and one
quart for 8 cents. How much did I receive ? I expended the
money thas received for rice at 5 cents per pound. How many
pounds of rice did I buy ?
9. If George walks at the rate of 15 rods per minute, and Wil-
liam walks at the rate of 21 rods per minute, how many more rods
per minute does William walk than George ? How many more
rods in 9 minutes.
10. If Susan gains 8 merit-marks per day, and loses 2 per day,
how many will she have at the end of 8 days ?
11. A man sold 5 pecks of chestnuts at the ratie of one dime
per quart. How many dimes did he receive ?
12. I sold 6 quarts of blackberries at the rate of 10 cents per
quart, and received in payment 5 three-cent pieces, and the rest
in half-dimes. How many half-dimes did I receive ?
13. Abner and Lemuel were in a store together, and their father
tt)ld them that they might each have 8 oranges worth 6 cents a-
piece, or 9 worth 5 cents a-piece. Abner chose the former, and
Lemuel the latter. How much more were Abner's oranges worth
than Lemuel's ?
14. How many bags, each containing 1 bu. 1 pk., can be filled
from 8 bu. 3 pk. of meal ?
LESSON THIRTY- FOURTH.
15. How many house-lots, each containing 1 A. 2 R., can be
made from a piece of land containing 10 A. 2 R. ?
16. How many pictures at 2d. 1 qr. each can be purchased for
6d. 3 qr. ?
17. How many bushels in 8 bags, each containing 3 pecks ?
18. A furniture-dealer gave 6 bureaus, worth 7 dollars a-piece,
and 3 dollars in money, for chairs at 9 dollars per dozen. How
many dozen chairs did he buy ?
19. A fur-dealer gave 8 caps, at 5 dollars a-piece, and 2 dollars
in money, for muffs at G dollars a piece. How many muffs did he
receive ?
20. A boy earned 12 cents by doing some errands, and invested
the money in papers at 2 cents a-piece. He sold the papers at
4 cents each, and with the money received for them he bought
papers at 3 cents a-piece. He sold C of the papers for 5 cents
a-piece, and the rest for 2 cents a-piecc. He then spent 4 cents
for crackers, and gave the rest of his money for some very nice
Havana oranges at 6 cents a-piece. He gave 1 of the oranges to
his mother, and sold the rest at 8 cents a-piece. How much did
he receive for them ?
LESSON XXXIV.
7 times 7 = 49.
7 times 8, or 8 times 7 = 56.
7 times 9, or 9 times 7 = 63.
7 times 10, or 10 times 7 = 70.
8 times 8 = 64.
8 times 9, or 9 times 8 = 72.
8 times 10, or 10 times 8= 80.
86 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
9 times 9 = 81.
9 times 10, or 10 times 9 = 90.
10 times 10 = 100.
B. 66==*x8? 90 = *xl0?
81 = * X 9? 49_ ^e >< 7^
63 = ^X7? 100=*xlO?
64 = ^X8? 72 = *x8?
C. 81-7-9? 56-^8? 100—10?
36-7-4? 21 -j- 7? 24 -r 8?
48 -i- 8? 45 -f- 6? 72 H- 9?
72 -f- 9? 81-7-9? 63-7-7?
D. 1. 7 times 8, plus 7, divided by 7, multiplied by 4 = -k-
times 6 ?
Solution. — 7 times 8 = 56, plus 7 =« 63, divided by 7 =* 9, multi-
plied by 4 == 36, which equals 6 times 6.
Note. — Let the pupil learn to call only the results, thus : 56, 63,
9, 36, 6. Let them also perform the work as the Teacher reads the
example.
2. 8 times 10, minus 8, divided by 9, plus 1, multiplied by 6,
minus 5 = * times 7 ?
3. 6 times 8, minus 12, divided by 4, multiplied by 3, plus 10
times 4, minus 3 = * times 8 ?
4. 7 times 6, plus 3, divided by 9, multiplied by 5, plus 3,
divided by 7, multiplied by 6, minus 2 = * times 2 ?
5. 3 times 8, plus 4 times 9, plus 21, divided by 9, multiplied
by 2, plus 7, divided by 5 ?
E. 1. How many are 9 times 2 yds. 2 ft. ?
Solution. — 9 times 2 yd. = 18 yd.; 9 times 2 ft. == 18 ft. =- 6
yds., which, added to 18 yd. = 24 yd. Hence, 9 times 2 yd. 2 ft.
24 yd.
LESSON THIRTY-FOURTH. 87
2. 4 times 7 gal. 3 qt. ? 6. 9 times 3 sq. yd. 4 sq. ft. ?
3. 7 times 8 wk. 4 da. ? 6. 6 times 7 bu. 6 pk. ?
4. 6 times 9 yd. 2 ft. ? 7. 6 times 8 gal. 2 qt. ?
8. Bought 6 bags, each containing 8 bu. 2 pk. of peanuts, and
put them into casks each holding 3 bushels. How many casks
did they fill?
9. Austin had a basket which held just 3 pk. 4 qt., and an-
other which held just 6 pecks. He gathered nuts enough to fill
the smallest basket 10 times. How many times would they fill
the large basket?
10. A lady bought cotton sheeting enough to make 8 sheets,
each containing 6 yd. 1 qr., but afterwards concluded to put 6
yards in a sheet. How many sheets could she make ?
11. I bought a vessel of oil containing 32 quarts, and after
using 1 gal. 3 qts. of it, I sold the rest at the rate of 1 dollar for
1 gal. 1 qt. How much did I get for it ?
12. Sarah's mother oflfered to give her 8 large oranges worth 5
cents a-piece if she would tell her how many seven-quart baskets
could be filled from 5 pk. 2 qt. of berries. Sarah answered cor-
rectly. What was her answer ? She exchanged the oranges for
their value in drawing-pencils worth 10 cents a-piece. How many
pencils did she get ?
13. A fruit-peddler paid 48 cents for cherries at 6 cents a quart,
which he put into papers, each containing 1 gill. How many
papers did it take ?
14. By bujdng a lot of wood at $4 per cord, and selling it at $6
per cord, I gained $18. How many dollars did I gain on each
cord ? How many cords did I buy ? How many dollars did I
pay for the entire lot ?
15. By buying flour at $5 per barrel, and selling it for $8 per
88 colburn's first part.
barrel, I gained $24. How many barrels did I buy, and what did
1 pay for the lot ?
16. By buying a lot of cloth for $5 per yard, and selling it at
$3 per yard, I lost $20. IIow many dollars did I pay for the
lot?
17. A man bought a lot of coal at $4 per ton, and sold it for
$8 per ton, by which he gained $36. How many dollars did he
pay for it ?
18. A laborer worked 6 weeks for 9 dollars per week, and put-
ting 6 dollars with the money thus earned, he bought coal at 6
dollars per ton. How many tons did he buy ? After laying aside
2 tons for his own use, he sold the remainder for 7 dollars per
ton, receiving in payment 2 dollars in money, and the rest in
flour at 9 dollars per barrel. How many ban*els of flour did he
receive ?
19. Robert had a basket holding 2 quarts 1 pint, and he
gathered chestnuts enough to fill it 8 times. How many four-
quart baskets could he fill with what he gathered ?
20. Augustus had 8 quarts of blackberries. He sold 1 quart
for 11 cents, and the rest for 10 cents per quart. With the money
received for them he bought cocoa-nuts at 9 cents a-piece. How
many cocoa-nuts did he buy ? He divided 2 of them among his
companions, and sold the rest for 10 cents a-piece. He gave 7
cents to a poor woman, and spent the rest of his money for fire-
crackers, at 7 cents a bunch. How many bunches did he buy ?
LESSON THIRTY-FIFTH. 89
LESSON XXXV.
BiUs.
A. 1. Mr. Edward Crane keeps a store in Boston. On the
21st of February, 1856, lie sold to Mr. Alfred Hall 7 yards of
broadcloth at $5 per yard, 9 yards of cassimere at $2 per yard,
and 8 yards of doeskin at $3 per yard. Mr. Hall paid for them,
and asked Mr. Crane to make out a hillf i. e.j a written statement
of the transaction. He did it as follows : —
y yc/^j., SSzoac/ciomj a ^5 . . . ^35
P "^ad, %addime^ej a j&S . . ^o
J^77
If the goods had not been paid for, Mr. Crane would not have
receipted the bill, i. «., he would not have put his name after the
words "received payment."
Note to the Teacher. — A more full explanation may be found
in "Arithmetic and its Applications."
90 colburn's first part.
B. Make out proper bills for each of the following transactions,
observing to give : —
1st. The date, t. «., the place and time.
2d. The names of the parties.
3d. The articles bought, with their prices and amount.
4th. The words ** received payment,**
6th. 1/ the good* art paid for , or bought for cash, the name of the
seller.
Note. — It may add to the interest and value of the following pro-
blems, to have each pupil write his own name, and that of some com-
panion, in the place of those here written.
1. John Brown, of New York, sold to Martin Draper, for cash,
July 16th, 1856, 9 bbls. of flour at $10 per barrel, and 8 bushels
of wheat at $2 per bushel.
2. William Fuller, of Chicago, sold to Ai-thur Simmons for cash,
Jan. 8th, 1856, 9 silk hats at $4 a-piece, 8 cloth caps at $2
a-piece, 6 beaver hats at $5 a-piece, and 11 di-ab hats at $1
a-piece.
3. Henry Mitch el & Co. sold to Francis Baker, on credit (t. «.,
Mr. Baker at the time did not pay for them), May 1st, 1855, 6
bbls. of apples at $3 per barrel, 9 bbls. of potatoes at $2 per
barrel, 7 boxes of raisins at $3 per box, and 5 drums of figs at
$2 per drum.
Note. — Let the students now make out bills for several imaginary
transactions.
C. If in the transaction described under letter A., Mr. Hall had
paid $2 in money and delivered to Mr. Crane 3 coi*ds of wood at
$9 per cord, the bill would have been made out as follows :
LESSON THIRTY-FIFTH,
91
^o.^lon, c%/ i^/.
*^B56.
.^35
yc/d. S)o6d4cro^ a p3
. SA
^77
i' 9;.
i ^ "^a^A
ps
. 2A
^36
/4/
Make out a bill for the following transaction : —
1. Moses White, a trader of Philadelphia, sold to Joseph Aus-
tin, May 17th, 1856, 7 ploughs at $9 each, 5 hay-cutters at $8
a-piece, 4 doz. scythes at $9 per dozen, and 8 doz. rakes at $3
per dozen ; and in part payment, Mr. Austin gave him 8 cords of
wood at $7 per cord, 4 cords of wood at $6 per cord, and $13 in
money.
Note. — Ld-t thf scholars make out bills for several imaginary trans-
*'^tions.
.' .: • .
92
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
LESSON XXXVI.
A. 1. 29 = * times 6 ?
First Solution.— 29 = 24 + 5^ and 24 = 4 times 6. Hence 29
= 4 times 6 with 5 remainder.
Second Solution. — 29 = 4 times 6 with 5 remaining, for 4 times
6 = 24, and 5 = 29.
Note. — The remainder is really an undivided part of the dividend,
and might be subtracted from it without affecting the quotient. In
reality, but a part of the dividend is divided.
2. 46 = * times 5 ?
3. 31 = ^ times 9 ?
4. 67 = * times 7 ?
5. 88 = -Jf times 9 ?
6. 61 = * times 8 ?
7. 37 = * times 7 ?
B. 1. 42 — 4?
2. 83-^9?
3. 75 -^ 8 ?
4. 24 -f- 7?
13.
6. 19 ~ 8 ?
6. 47—7?
7. 39 ~- 6 ?
8. 51-^8?
8. 63 = * times 6 ?
9. 27 = * times 8?
10. 62 = # times 9 ?
11. 48 = -5^ times 7 ?
12. 69 = * times 9 ?
23 = * times 11 ?
9. 43 -f- 9?
10. 43 -r- 4 ?
11. 47 -r 8?
12. 47 -T- 6 ?
C. The comma, when used in connexion with Arithmetical signs,
shows that the result of all the preceding operations is to be con-
sidered in connexion with the sign following it.
Thus : "4 X 9, -r- 7," means that 4 times 9, or 36, is to be divided
by 7. I
**6 X 7 4- 18, -7- 9," means that the sum of 6 times 7 plus 18, »= 1
42 -|- 18 = 60, is to be divided by 9.
LESSON THIRTY-SIXTH. 93
1. 6x9,-8? 5. 9x6+10, = *X 8?
2. 4x6, -T-T? 6. 4x9+17, = *X 6?
3. 5x9 + 8,-7-6? 7. 7 X 7 + 13, = * X 10?
4. 8 X 8 — 13, -r 9 ? 8. 9 X 9 -- 43, = * X 4 ?
D. 1. 41 da. = * wk.?
Solution. — Since 7 days = 1 wk., 41 da. must equal as many wk.
as there are times 7 in 41, which are 5 times with 6 remainder. Hence
41 da. = 5 wk. 6 da.
2.
33 qr. == * yd. ?
7.
46 fur. = * m. ?
3.
37,:^ =^§?
8.
69 da. = * wk. ?
4.
70 qt. = * pk. ?
9.
37 cd. ft. = * cd. ?
5.
19 ft. = * yd. ?
10.
60 sq. ft. = * sq. yd. ?
6.
23 ft. = ^ yd. ?
11.
20 m. = * le. ?
12. Moses has 35 cents, with which he wishes to buy oranges
at 6 cents a-piece. How many oranges can he buy ?
Solution. — If he can buy 1 orange for 6 cents, he can buy as many
oranges for 35 cents as there are times 6 in 35, which are 5 times and
5 remainder. Therefore, he can buy 5 oranges, and have 5 cents
remaining.
13. How many barrels of flour, at $6 per baiTel, can be bought
for $58 ?
14. How many shawls, at $7 a-piece, can be bought for $39 ?
16 How many books, at $3 a-piece, can be bought for $29 ?
16. How many terms tuition, at $7 per term, will $27 pay for?
17. How many hats, at $4 each, can be bought for $39?
18. How many cans, each holding 1 gal. 1 qt., can be filled
from 3 gal. 3 qt. of milk?
94 colburn's first part.
19. A person who owes $39, wishes to pay as much as possible
m five-dollar bills, and the rest in one-dollar bills. How many
bills of each kind must he pay ?
20. William did 8 errands, for each of which he received 3
cents, and he had 11 cents before he did the errands. He bought
as many writing-books at 9 cents a-piece as he could pay for, and
spent the rest of his money for pens at 2 cents a-piece. How
many writing-books did he buy ? How many pens?
21. A tailor paid $35 for silk velvet at $5 per yard. He made
it into vests, putting 3 quarters into each vest. How many vests
did he make, and how many quarters had he remaining ?
22. One " Fourth of July" Thomas had 29 cents. He bought
as many bunches 'of crackers at 10 cents per bunch, as he could
pay for, and then spent the rest of his money for cherries, at the
rate of 7 for a cent How many bunches of crackers did he buy ?
How many cherries ?
23. A person who had 20 cents, said to a boy: **If you will
tell me how many loaves of bread, at 6 cents per loaf, I can buy
with my money, I will give you what there is left after paying for
the bread." The boy answered right. What was his answer?
How many cents ought the person to give him ?
21. If it requires 3 yards of broadcloth to make a coat, how
many coats can be made from a piece containing 29 yards of
broadcloth ? How many yards will be left after making the coats ?
If one yard of cloth will make 3 vests, how many vests can be
made from what remains, after making the coats ?
25. Lyman has 28 cents, Horace has 50. Chester has 63, and
Isaac has 47. Each bought as many pencils at 8 cents a-piece as
he could pay for, and gave the rest of his money to a poor wo-
man. How many pencils did each buy, and how many cents had
each to give the poor woman ? How many pencils were bought
in all ? How many cents did the woman receive ?
I - I
LESSON
THIRTY-SEVENTH
95
LESSON XXXVII
A. 1. 2 times 3 tens
? Then 8 times 30 ?
2. 6 times 7 tens
? Then 5 times 70 ?
3. 8 times 4 tens ? Then 8 times 40 ?
4. 7 times 3 tens ? Then 7 times 30 ?
B. 1,
4X8?
4.
7x9?
7.
8X7?
2
4x 30?
6.
7X90?
8.
8x70?
3.
40x3?
6.
70 X 9?
9.
80 X 7?
C 1.
6 X 40?
5.
6x 30?
9.
9x 60?
o
9 X 30?
6.
60 X 3?
10.
8x 90?
3.
6x 40?
7.
9 X 70?
11.
7 X 70?
4.
40 X 4?
8.
90 X 7?
12.
8 X 80?
D. 1.
12-
-4?
4.
64 ~ 8?
7.
54 -r- 9?
2.
120 H
-4?
5.
640 -f- 8?
8.
640 -T- 90 ?
3.
120-
- 40?
6.
640 -r 80?
9.
540 -r 9?
E. 1.
630-
r 9?
8. 420-
^60?
2.
720-
-8?
9. 90-
- 30?
3.
560-
-7?
10. 270-
- 30?
4.
250 H
-6?
11. 420-
- 6?
6.
240-
- 3?
12. 810-
- 9?
6.
720-
- 80?
13. 810 -
- 90?
7.
180-
r 3?
14. 360 -
-40?
F. 1. 6 X 47?
S0LUTION.—6 times 40 = 240 ;
= 282. Therefore, 6 times 47 =
6 times 7 = 42
= 282,
, which,
added to 240
r^^ ^
,96 colburn's iirst part.
Note. — As soon as the principle is understood, the pupil should
solve such problems by naming only the results. Thus: 6 times
47 = 240 4- 42 = 282.
2. 7 X 96 ? 7. 4 X 27 ? 12. 3 x 37 ?
3. 8 X 34? 8. 9 X 82? 13. 6 x 28 ?
4. 9 X 37 ? 9. 6 X 97 ? 14. 6 X 43 ?
5. 6x94? 10. 4x23? 15. 9x81?
G. 8x23? 11. 7x94? 16. 7x63?
G. "When we wish to write the work, we may, if we choose,
solve exaipples in multiplication, as explained in the following
solution of the first question under F.
A7
Explanation. — 6 times 7 units =-= 42 units = 4 tens,
and 2 units. "Writing the 2 units, and reserving the 4 tens
A to add to the product of the tens, we have 6 times 4 tens=
24 tens, to which, adding the 4 tens from the former pro-
duet, gives 28 tens, which wo write. The answer, then,
is 282.
Note. — It will be seen that when we do not write the work, we
begin at the left hand to multiply; and when we do write it, we begin
at the right hand.
Perform in this way the examples under letter F.
H. 1. 6 times 498 ?
Solution. — 6 times 8 units = 48 units == 4 tens and 8 units.
Writing the 8 units, and reserving the 4 tens to add to the product of
the tens, we have 6 times 9 tens = 54 tens, and 4 tens added, equal
58 tens = 5 hundreds and 8 tens. "Writing 8
tens, and reserving the 5 hundreds to add to
the product of the hundreds* column, we have
6 times 4 hundreds = 24 hundreds, and 5 hun-
dreds added = 29 hundreds == 2 thousands
^^ and 9 hundreds, which being the last product
we write, the answer then is 2988.
^j?^
^
^0
LESSON THIRTY-EIGHTH. 97
Note. — When the reductions are fully mastered, abbreviated forms
like the following may be introduced with advantage.
6 times 8 = 48. Write 8, and add 4 to the next product. 6 times
9 are 54 and 4 are 58.
4 are 24 and 5 are 29,
W^rite 8 and add 5 to the next product. 6 times
which we write. Hence, 6 times 498 »=- 2988.
The following form of naming only results should finally be
adopted. 48 units ; 64, 58 tens ; 24, 29 hundreds, ^n*.-— 2988.
2. 9 X 847 ?
8.
6 times $2.75?
8. 8 X 298 ?
9.
4 times $8.76?
4. 4x746?
10.
9 times $32.75?
6. 8 X 327 ?
11.
8 times $27.84 ?
6. 4 X 238 ?
12.
5 times $97.83 ?
7. 6 X 379 ?
13.
4 times $28.59 ?
LESSON XXXVIII.
A. 1. 476 ^
7?
Solution. — 7 is contained in 47 tens, 6 tens*
times, with 5 teni re-
maining. 5 tens «= 50
units, and 6 units added, are 56 units, 7 is
contained in 56 units 8
units' times. Hence, 476 -r 7 «« 60 -f- 8 — « 68.
Note. — Not till the reductions are fully understood, should the
pupil be allowed to abbreviate this explanation to the common one : *' 7
is contained in 47, 6 times, with 5 remainder. 7 is contained in 56, 8
times. Hence the quotient is 68."
2. 315 — 8?
6. 672 -^ 8?
10. 429 -7- 8 ?
8. 216 — 4?
7. 144 -H 6?
11. 413 — 5?
4. 392 -. 8 ?
8. 279 -~ 9 ?
12. 673—7?
5. 217—7?
9. 137-^2?
13. 528 ~- 9 ?
98
COLBtlRN S FIRST PART.
Examples in division are performed and explained in the same
manner when we write the work as when we do not. The work
of the first example, letter A., would usually be written as in the
annexed model :
7y76
6B
B. 1. 2738 -4- 8 ?
Solution. — 8 is contained in 27 hundreds, 3 hundred times with 3
hundreds remaining. "VVe therefore write 3 as the hundreds* figure
' Q Q ^ of the quotient. The 3 hundreds re
})27t
-2
maining = 30 tens, and 3 tens added
r= 33 tens. 8 is contained in 33 tens,
*^ //Q) 4r tens times, with 1 ten remaining.
We therefore write 4 as the tens figure
of the quotient. The 1 ten remaining = 10 units, and 8 units added =
IS units. 8 is contained in 18 units 2 units' times and 2 units re-
maining. Therefore, 2738 -*- 8 == 3 hundreds, 4 tens, and 2 units, or
342 with a remainder of 2.
Note. — The remainder is written after the quotient with the sign
of subtraction, to show that it is an undivided part of the dividend.
2. 4756 -T- 4 ?
8. 3297 -7- 6 ?
4. 4347-7-9?
6. 2981 ^ 11 ?
6. 3297 -r 6 ?
7. '43G1 -^ 5 ?
a 2459 -f 8 ?
9. 4272 ~ 12 ?
10. 8943 ^ 9 ?
11.
2137-
-5?
12.
4264 H
- 13?
13.
8375-
- 12?
14.
2986-
r 4?
15.
3176 H
- 8?
16.
4327 H
- 9?
17.
2052-
- 3?
18.
1379-
-2?
19.
7436-
- 8?
LESSON THIRTY-NINTH. 99
LESSON
XXXIX.
The following tables, if thoroughly learned, will save a yast
deal of labor in the Arithmetical operations of life. A distin-
guished educator,
now Superintendent of Schools in one of the
principal cities of the Union, says
that in his opinion, a knowledge
of these tables would save hours of valuable time, not only to the 1 1
student.
but to the business man.
With most classes, the Teacher
will find it desirable to give additional exercises similar to those 1 1
of the preceding Lessons.
11 X
2, or 2 X
11 = 22.
16 X 2, or 2 X 16 = 32.
12 X
2, or 2 X
12 == 24.
17 X 2, or 2 X 17 = 34.
13 X
2, or 2 X
13 = 26.
18 X 2, or 2 X 18 = 36.
14 X
2, or 2 X
14 = 28.
19 X 2, or 2 X 19 = 38.
15 X
2, or 2 X
15 == 30.
20 X 2, or 2 X 20 = 40.
11 X
3, or 3 X
11 = 33.
16 X 3, or 3 X 16 = 48.
12 X
3, or 3 X
12 = 36.
.17 X 3, or 3 X 17 = 51.
13 X
3, or 3 X
13 = 39.
18 X 3, or 3 X 18 = 54.
14 X
3, or 3 X
14 = 42.
19 X 3, or 3 X 19 = 57.
15 X
3, or 3 X
15 = 45.
20 X 3, or 3 X 20 == 60.
11 X
4, or 4 X
11 = 44.
16 X 4, or 4 X 16 = 54
12 X
4, or 4 X
12 = 48.
17 X 4, or 4 X 17 = 68.
13 X
4, or 4 X
13 = 52.
18 X 4, or 4 X 18=: 72.
14 X
4, or 4 X
14 == 5G.
19 X 4, or 4 X 19 = 76.
15 X
4, or 4 X
15 = 60.
20 X 4, or 4 X 20 = 80.
100
colburn's
FIRST PART.
11 X
5, or 5
X
11 = 55.
16 X 5, or 5
X 16 = 80.
12 X
5, or 5
X
12 = 60.
17 X 5, or 5
X 17 == 85.
13 X
5, or 5
X
13 = 65.
18 X 5, or 5
X 18 = 90.
14 X
5, or 5
X
14 = 70.
19 X 5, or 5
X 19 = 95.
15 X
5, or 5
X
15 = 75.
20 X 5, or 5
X 20 = 100.
11 X
6, or 6
X
11 = 66.
16 X 6, or 6
X 16 = 96.
12 X
6, or 6
X
12 = 72.
17 X 6, or 6
X 17 = 102.
13 X
6, or 6
X
13 = 78.
18 X 6, or 6
X 18 = 108.
14 X
6, or 6
X
14 = 84.
19 X 6, or 6
X 19 = 114.
15 X
6, or 6
X
15 = 90.
20 X 6, or 6
X 20 =r 120.
11 X
7, or 7 X
11 = 77.
16 X 7, or 7
X 16 = 112.
12 X
7, or 7
X
12 = 84.
17 X 7, or 7
X 17 = 119.
13 X
7, or 7
X
13 = 91.
18 X 7, or 7
X 18 = 126.
14 X
7, or 7
X
14 = 98.
19 X 7, or 7
X 19 = 133.
15 X
7, or 7
X
15 = 105.
20 X 7, or 7 X 20 = 140.
11 X
8, or 8
X
11 = 88.
16 X 8, or 8
X 16 = 128.
12 X
8, or 8
X
12 = 96.
17 X 8, or 8
X 17 = 136.
13 X
8, or 8
X
13 = 104.
18 X 8, or 8
X 18 = 144.
14 X
8, or 8
X
14 == 112.
19 X 8, or 8
X 19 = 152.
15 X
8, or 8
X
15 = 120.
20 X 8, or 8
X 20 = 160.
11 X
9, or 9
X
11 == 99.
16 X 9, or 9
X 16 = 144.
12 X
9, or 9
X
12 = 108.
17 X 9, or 9
X 17 = 153.
13 X
9, or 9
X
13 = 117.
18 X 9, or 9
X 18 = 162.
14 X
9, or 9
X
14 = 126.
19 X 9, or 9
X 19 = 171.
15 X
9, or 9
X
15 = 135.
20 X 9, or 9
X 20 = 180.
LESSON FORTIETH.
101
11 X 10, or 10 X 11 = 110.
12 X 10, or 10 X 12 = 120.
13 X 10, or 10 X 13 = 130.
14 X 10, or 10 X 1^ =■ 140.
15 X 10, or 10 X 15 = 150.
16 X 10, or 10 X 10 ^ 160.
17 X 10, or lOx 17===: 170.
18 X 10, or 10 X 18 = 180.
19 X 10, or 10 X 19 = 190.
20 X 10, or 10 X 20 == 200.
LESSON XL.
Note. — Should the Teacher deem it best, the class may omit this
nnd the next three Lessons, till after some of the first Lessons on
Fractions have been learned.
A. From the exercises of Lesson XXXVII , B. and C, we may
infer that 4 times 30 = 40 times 8 ; that 70 times 9 = 7 times
90, &c., &c. In like manner, 40 times 27 = 4 times 270, or, 4
tens' times 27 = 4 times 27 tens ; 80 times 436 = 8 times 4360,
or, 8 tens' times 436 = 8 times 436 tens, &c., &c.
1. What is the product of 70 times 389 ?
Solution. — 70 times 389 = 7 times
3890, which may be found by the method
explained in Lesson XXXVIL, G. and
H. Thus : 7 times units = units. 7
times 9 tens = 63 tens = 6 hundreds and
3 tens, Ac, &o.
70
2.
20 times 64 ?
3.
80 times 29 ?
4.
40 times 36 ?
5.
60 times 94 ?
6.
90 times 37 ?
7.
20 times 93 ?
8.
30 times 84 ?
9.
90 times 72 ?
26p30
10. 30 times 979 ?
11. 40 times 832 ?
12. 70 times 697 ?
13. 20 times 443 ?
14. 60 times 927 ?
15. 80 times 423 ?
16. 50 times 975 .
17. 30 times 476?
9*
lOi:
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
B. Since 24 == 20 + 4, 24 times any number must equal 20
times that number plus 4 times that number. Since 86 = 80 -}- 6,
86 times any number must equal 80 times that number plus 6
times that number, &c., &c.
1. What is the product of 29 times 863 ?
S63
2p
Solution. — Since 29 = 20 + 9, 29 times
863 must equa^20 times 863, plus 9 times 863.
We first multiply by 9, and then by 20, by the
methods before explained, and add the products
together as in the written work at the left.
7767
^726
250S7
2. 38 times 481 ?
3. 27 times 936 ?
4. 68 times 427 ?
5. 43 times 268 ?
6. 31 times 492 ?
7. 68 times 946 ?
8. 79 times 368 ?
9. 42 times 427 ?
10. 54 times 329?
11. 61 times 428?
LESSON XLI.
A. When the divisor is a large number, it is often convenient
or necessary to use the nearest number of tens, hundreds, or thou-
sands, as a trial divisor , to determine the probable quotient figure.
12.
89 X 2796 !
13.
38 X 9582 ?
14.
22 X 4858 ?
15.
56 X 9375 ?
16.
4^ X 2401 ?
17.
63 X 2485?
18.
81 X 3258?
19.
69 X 2846 ?
20.
44 X 8132 ?
21.
74 X 9123 ?
LESSON FORTY-FIRST.
103
Illustrations. — In dividing by 31, 32, 33, or 34, we may make 30
or 3 the trial divisor. In dividing by 36, 37, 38, or 39, we may make
40 or 4 the trial divisor. In dividing by 35, we may make either 30
or 40 the trial divisor.
B. 1. What is the quotient of 178 -^ 53?
Solution. — "We may make 50 or 5 the trial divisor, for 53 is con-
tained in 178 about the same number of times that 50 is ; or, that 5 is
contained in 17, which is 3 times. To test the correctness of this con-
clusion, we must find 3 times ^. It is 159, which, subtracted from
178, leaves 19, thus showing that 178 -^ 53 = 3 with 19 remainder.
The work would be written
by placing the divisor at the
left of the dividend, the quo-
tient at the right, and the pro-
duct with the remainder be-
neath the product.
63
W78 f3
/5p = 3x53
/p ^e,
Note. — The Teacher should illustrate and explain the method of
proceeding when the above process gives a trial quotient figure either
too large or too small. [See "Arithmetic and its Applications," 91st
article, and solution to 2d example, 113th page, and to 4th example,.
114th page.] . -^
2. 96
3. 127
4. 228 •
6. 683 •
6. 281
7. 469
8. 356
9. 429
24?
31?
64?
82?
29?
48?
61?
67?
10.
256-
- 38?
11.
124-
- 19?
12.
387-
-45?
13.
621 -
-84?
14.
438-
- 62?
45.
279-
- 94?
16.
349-
- 82?
17.
624-
-79?
104
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
C. What is the quotient of 2856 -h 59 ?
6pj
2856 ^AS
236
Explanation. — 69 is eo
near 60, that we make 6 the
trial divisor. Since 6 is con-
tained 4 times in 28, we make
4 the first figure of the quo-
tient, and infer that 59 is con-
tained 4 tens' times in 285
tens. Multiplying 59 by 4
tens, gives 236 tens. Hence
^ we write 236 under the 285,
and subtract the former from the latter. It leaves a remainder of 49
or 49 tens, 490 units, to which, adding the 6 units, gives 496 units.
Since 6 is contained 8 times in 49, we make 8 the next figure of the
quotient, and infer that 59 is contained 8 times in 496. Multiplying
59 by 8, gives 472; hence we write 472 under the 496, and subtract
the former from the latter. It leaves a remainder of 24. Hence,
2856 -^59-48 with 24 remainder.
Proof. — 48 times 59, plug 24, equalf 2856.
A96
A72
~YA=e^t
em.
2.
843 H
- 31?
8.
579 H
-43!
4.
827-
-15»
5.
1748 -
- 42?
6.
3947-
-49?
7.
8246-
- 91?
8.
4217-
- 88?
9.
8321 -
r 94?
10.
6735-
- 83?
11.
2317 -i
- 88?
12.
7635-
- 82?
13.
1749-
-22?
14.
2175-
r 25?
15.
4802-
- 49?
16.
6237-
- 74?
17.
4238-
- 52?
18.
6947-
r75?
19.
8286-
-47?
LESSON FORTY-SECOND. 105
LESSON XLII.
A. 1. The multiplier and multiplicand are called factors of
their product. (See Lesson XXXII., B.)
2. The FACTORS of any number are the numbers which, multi-
plied together, will give that number for a product.
Illustrations. — 6 and 3 are factors of 15, because 15 = 5 X 3.
Again, 6 and 2, 3 and 4, or 3, 2, and 2, are factors of 12, because 12
= 6X2, = 3X4 = 3X2X2.
Again, 2 is a factor of 4, 6, 8, 10, &c. 3 is a fiictor of 6, 12, 15,
18, &c,
3. From the above illustrations, we see that the factors of a
number are divisors of it, i. <?., they are such numbers as will
divide it without a remainder.
4. A prime number is a number which has no factors except
itself and 1.
Illustrations. — 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11, are each prime numbers.
5. A composite number is a number which has other factors
besides itself and 1.
Illustrations. — 4, 6, 8, and 9, are each composite numbers, for
4«=2X 2, 6 = 3X2, 8 = 2X4 = 2X2X2, and 9 = 3X3.
6. A number is divided into factors, when any factors which
will produce it are found.
Illustrations. — In '< 12 =* 6 X 2," 12 is divided into the factors 6
and 2, but in " 12 -= 2 X 2 X 3," it is divided into the factors 2, 2,
and 3.
7. A number is divided into its prime factors when it is divided
into factors which are all prime numbers.
Illustrations.— 18 =-2X3X3. 80 = 2 X 3 X 5.
8. The product of a number taken any number of times as a
factor, is called a power of that number.
Illustrations. — 8, which is the product of 2 X 2 X 2, i. e., of 2
taken 3 times as a factor is the third power of two; 25, which is the
product of 5 X 5, t. e., of 5 taken 2 times as a factor is the second power
of five.
9. We may indicate the power of a number by writing a small
figure, called an exponent, above it and a little to the right.
Illustrations.— 3 ' = 3 X 3 X 3, or 3 to the third power. 2 » = 2
X 2 X- 2 X 2 X 2 , or 2 to the fifth power.
10. The second power of a number is sometimes called its
square, and the third power its cube. Thus, 8, or 2 ', is the cube
of 2 ; 25, or 5*, is the square of 5.
B. Write the prime factors of the numbers from 1 to 100, as
in the following model : —
1 = Prime. 6 = 2x3.
2 = Prime. 7 = Prime.
3 = Prime. 8 = 2x2x2 = 2'
4 = 2x2 = 2'. 9 = 3 X 3 = 3^
5 = Prime. 10 = 2 X 5.
C. A factor is common to two or more numbers when it is a
factor of each of them.
Illustrations. — 2 is a common factor of 4, ^ and 14, for it is a
factor of each.
1. What prime factors are common to 24, 36,
and 48 ?
Dividing each number into its prime factors, gives —
Solution.— 24 =^=2x2x2x3=2^X3.
36 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 = 2' X 3*.
48 = 2x2x2x2x3 = 2* X 3.
LESSON FORTYrSECOND. 107
By inspecting these, we see that 2' and 3 are factors of each
number, and that there is no other common factor. Hence 2, 2,
and 3, or 2 ** and 3 are the prime factors required.
What prime factors are common —
3.
To 12 and 18 ?
10.
To 6, 8, and 10?
4.
To 15 and 25?
11.
To 12, 18, and 30 ?
5.
Toll and 20?
12.
To 20, 30, and 50?
6.
To 30 and 40 ?
13.
To 42, 56, and 84 ?
7.
To 36 and 54 ?
14.
To 63, 81, and 99?
8.
To 7 and 9 ?
15.
To 8, 9, and 25 ?
9.
To 39 and 54 ?
Ifc
To 7, 49, and 84 ?
D. A Common Divisoii of two or more numbers is any number
which will exactly divide each of them.
Illustration. — 4 is a common divisor of 4, 8, 12, and 32.
The Greatest Common Divisor of two or more numbers is the
largest number which is a divisor of each of them. It is also the
product of all their common prime factors.
1. What is the greatest common divisor of 24,
36, and 60 ?
Solution. — The greatest common divisor of 24, 36, and 60, is the
product of all the pfime factors common to these numbers.
24 = 2x2x2x3 = 2^x3.
36 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 = 22 X 32.
60 = 2x2x3x5 = 2^x3x5.
We see that the only common prime factors are 2, 2, and 3.
Hence 2 X 2 X 3, or 12, must be the greatest common divisor
required.
108 colburn's first part.
What is the greatest common divisor —
2. Of 30 and 42? 9. Of 4, 6, and 12?
3. Of 4 and 12? 10. Of 3, 9, and 15?
4. Of 8 and 20 ? 11. Of 18, 27, and 45 ?
6. Of 35 and 49 ? 12. Of 14, 28, and 56 ?
6. Of 63 and 72 ? 13. Of 30, 48, and 54 ?
7. Of 42 and 63 ? 14. Of 24, 60, and 84 ?
8. Of 72 and 96 ? 15. Of 45, 75, and 90 ?
LESSON XLIII.
A. The product of any numbers is sometimes called their mul-
tiple. Thus, 12 is a multiple of 1, of 2, of 3, of 4, of 6, and of
12, for it equals 1 X 12, or 2 x 6, or 3 x 4.
Hence, any number is a multiple of all its factors and divisors,
and a factor of all its multiples.
Every multiple of a number must contain all the prime factors
of that number.
1. What prime factors must every multiple of
18 contain ?
Solution. — Since 18 = 2 X 3', every multiple of 18 must contain
the factors 2 and '6 \ or 2, 8, and 3.
What prime factors must be contained in every
multiple —
2. Of 12? 5. Of 33? 8. Of 48?
3. Of 9? 6. Of 28? 9. Of 60?
4. Of 21? 7. Of 75? 10. Of 36?
B. A Common Multiple of several numbers is a number which
is a multiple of all of them.
LESSON FORTY-THIRD. 109
The Least Common Multiple of several numbers is the least
number which is a multiple of all of them, and is therefore the
smallest number which contains all the prime factors of each of
them.
1. What is the least common multiple of 36 and
48?
Solution. — Tho least common multiple of 36 and 48 is the smallest
number which contains all their prime factors.
36 == 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 == 2^ X 3'.
48 = 2x2x2x2x3 = 2* 3.
Solution. — "We must have 48 or its factors, which are 2 * X 3. We
must also have the factors of 36, which are 2* X 3 2, but as we have
already taken 2 ' X 3, we have only to introduce the remaining factor
3, which gives 48 X 3, or 2 * X 3 * = 144, as the L. C. M required.
2. What is the least common multiple of 9, 24,
and 30?
Solution. — The least common multiple of these numbers is the least
number which contains all the prime factors of each of them.
9 = 3X3.
24 = 2X2X2X3.
30 = 2 X 3 X 5.
We must have 30 or its factors, which are 2 X 3 X 5. We must also
have the factors of 24, which are 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 j but as we have
already taken 2 X 3, we have only to introduce the remaining factors
2x2, which will give 2 X 3 X 5 X 2 X 2, or 30 X 2 X 2. We must
have the factors of 9, which are 3 and 3, but as we have already taken
one S, we have only to introduce another 3, which gives as the L. C. M.
required, 2X 3 X5x2x2x 3, or 30 X2X2X3 = 360.
What is the least common multiple —
8. Of 8 and 12 ? 6. Of 2, 4, and 6 ?
4. Of 6 and 9? 6. Of 9, 12, and 18?
110
colburn's first part.
10.
7. Of 4 and 12 ?
8. Of 7 and 8 ?
9. Ofl2andl5?
Of 16 and 20?
11. Of 10, 25, and 30?
12. Of 4, 6, and 12 ?
13. Of 3, 4,5, and 6?
14. Of 8, 10, 12, and 20?
XoTE.— If the class have time for it, the Teacher will do well to
give them the method explained in Arithmetic and its ArPLiCATiONs,
page 154.
LESSON XLIV.
Oral Exercise. — Exhibit any convenient thing, as an apple, to
the class, and, cutting it into two equal parts, ask, "What have
I done to the apple?" Ans. — "You have cut it." "Into how
many parts have I cut it?" A7is. — " Into two parts." " How do
the parts compare in size ?" Ans. — " They are equal." " Then
how have I divided the apple ?" Ajis. — " You have divided it
into two equal parts." "When anything is divided into two equal
parts, the parts are called halves of the thing. What, then,
LESSON FORTY-FOURTH. Ill
will you call these parts of an apple?" Ans. — " Halves of an
apple." " What will you call one part ?" Ans. — " One-half of
an apple." "What will you call both parts?" Am. — "Two
halves of an apple." *' What do both together equal ?" Ans. —
'• \ whole apple." *' Then how many halves of an apple equal a
whole one ?" Ans. — " Two halves of an apple."
Continue and extend these illustrations by exercises similar in
character to these suggested below : —
" How shall I divide this apple (showing another) into halves?"
Dividing it, ask, " How many halves have I from it ? How many
halves did I have from the first apple ? How many halves are
there in all ? Then two halves and two halves are how many
halves ? If I should give away one-half, how many halves should
I have left ? Then one-half from four halves leaves how many
halves ?"
Vary these exercises, dividing apples, strings, pieces of paper,
lines, &c., till the class understand fully the value of halves,
thirds, &c., and see' clearly that they can be added, subtracted,
multiplied, and divided as whole numbers are. Such a course
will save much hard labor afterwards, both to Teacher and pupil.
A. Explanations. — 1. Such parts as are obtained by dividing any-
thing or any number into two equal parts, are called halves of that
thing or number. One such part is called one half; two such parts
are called two halves ; three such parts are called three halves,
&c., <fcc.
2. Such parts as are obtained by dividing anything or number into
3 equal parts, are called thirds of the thing or number. One such
part is called one third, two such parts are called two thirds, three
such parts are called three thirds, four such parts, four thirds,
<tc., &c.
3d, In like manner such parts as are obtained by dividing anything
or number into four equal parts are called fourths of the thing or
number; such as are obtained by dividing it into five equal parts, are
112 colburn's first part.
called fifths; into six, are called sixths; into seven, are called
SEVENTHS, Ac, <tc.
4. Parts like these are called fractional parts.
B. 1. What are sevenths?
Ans. — Sevenths of any thing or number are such fractional parts
as would be obtained by dividing it into seven equal parts.
In the same way explain each of the following : —
2.
Fifths ?
6. Twelfths ?
8.
Fourths ?
3.
Thirds?
6. Halves ?
9.
Twentieths ?
4.
Ninths ?
7. Sixths?
10.
Tenths?
C. 1. Instead of the word sixihsy we may write the figure 6
with a line above it, thus : r. Instead of the word halves^ we may
write 2, &c., &c.
Hence f tj means tenths, which are fractional parts of such kinds
as are obtained by dividing a unit into 10 equal parts.
■5 means eighths, which are, &c.
z means thirds, which are, &c.
i\ means twenty-firsts, which are, &o.
s means fifths, which are, &c.
The number which thus shows into how many parts a unit is
divided, is called a denominator, because it gives a name or
denomination to the parts. To indicate that a number is a denomi-
nator, draw a little line over it.
D. 1. How many sixths does it take to equal the
whole of anything ?
Ans. — Six, because sixths are such parts as are obtained by
dividing a unit into six equal parts.
LESSON FOKTY-FOURTH. 113
2. How many ninths does it take to equal the
whole of anything ?
3. How many twelfths ? 6. How many -ju ?
4. How many halves ? 7. How many t? ?
5. How many thirds ? 8. How many ? ?
E. In order to show how many fractional parts are taken or
considered, a figure is written above the denominator.
Illustrations. — To express three fourths, the figure 3 may be
written above the denominator 4, thus ; |.
Five sixths may be written ^
Eight fifteenths may be written ^j.
In like manner, J = 4 ninths ; { | = 13 seventeenths ; and
f f = 29 thirty-firsts.
The figure which thus enumerates or numbers the parts, is called
the NUMERATOR, and shows how many parts are taken or consi-
dered. The numerator is written above the denominator, and
separated from it by a line.
F. Such expressions as "two-thirds," "three-elevenths,"
**T7»" "|»" ^^-J ^^•» ^^® called FRACTIONS.
1. What does the fraction | express ?
Ans. — The fraction three-fourths expresses the value of 3 such
parts as are obtained by dividing a unit into 4 equal parts.
In the same manner explain each of the following fractions : —
2. f. 4. |. 6. ^. 8. if.
G. Fractions may be explained after the following model : —
The fraction three fourths expresses the value of three equal
parts of such kind that four of them would equal a unit.
114 colburn's first part.
1. Explain each of the fractions under F. according to the last
model.
2. What is the numerator and what the denominator of each ?
H. A mixed number is a whole number and a fraction.
Illustrations. — 4§, which is read "four and two-thirds."
Read each of the following : —
1. 5 J. 2. 5?. 3. 4f. 4. 28 J.
I. These illustrations suggest the following definitions : —
1. Fractional parts of any thing^ quantity or number^ are such
parts as are obtained by dividing it into equal partB. Or —
2. Fractional parts of any thing, qttantify or nmnber, are equal
partit of such kind that a given number of them- will equal that thing,
quantity^ or number,
3. A FRACTION expresses the value of one or more such parts
as are obtained by dividing a unit into equal parts. Or —
4. A FRACTION expresses the value of one or more such equal
parts that a given number of them will equal a unit.
5. The number which shows into how many parts the thing is
divided, or how many of the parts are equal to a unit, is called
the DENOMINATOR of thc fractiou.
6. The number which shows how many parts are taken or consi-
dered, is called the numerator of the fraction.
7. The denominator is so called Jbecause it gives the name or
denomination to the parts.
8. The numerator is so called because it enumerates the parts
taken or considered.
.] Write ench of the following in fijruros: —
LESSON FORTY-FIFTH. 115
1. Two- thirds. 5. Four and seven- tenths.
2. Eight-ninths. 6. Ten and four-fifths.
3. Thirteen-nineteenths. 7. Twelve and eleven-twelfths.
4. Six twenty-firsts. 8. Six and two-thirds.
LESSON XLV.
A. Fractions may arise from division as in the following
examples : —
29 = * times 6 V
Solution. — 29 == 4 times 6, with 5 remaining, or it equals 4|
tirnes 6.
Note. — The^ first part of the above solution should be omitted as
soon as the pupil is prepared to give the final answer without it. The
entire dividend is here divided, and ihQ fraction Jive sixths is apart of
the quotient, and not, like the remainder 5, a part of the dividend.
Hence it is wrong to say " 29 = 4 times 6, with |. remaining." These
distinctions are important, and should be observed in the solutions.
See Lesson XXXVL, Note under A.
Perform by the above solution the examples under Letter A. and
B., Lesson XXXVL
B. 1. IIo-w many quarts of vinegar at 6 cents
per quart, can be bought for 53 cents ?
Solution. — Since 1 quart of vinegar can be bought for 6 cents, as
many quarts can be bought for 63 cents as there are times 6 in 53,
which are 8| times. Hence, 8| quarts of vinegar at 6 cents per quart
can be bought for 63 cents.
2. How many pounds of sugar at 8 cents per pound, can be
bought for 68 cents?
8. How many yards of cloth at $4 per yard, can be bought for
$31?
116 COL burn's first part.
4. How many bags, each containing 3 bushels, can be filled
from 29 bushels of grain ?
5. How many hours will it take a horse to trot 33 miles, if he
trots 7 miles per hour ?
6. How many weeks will it take a man to earn $78, if he earn
$9 per week?
7. How many hours will it take a ship to sail 63 miles, if she
sail 8 miles per hour ?
8. How many months wUl it take a man, -who earns $12 per
month, to earn $105?
9. A man put 9 bu. 3 pk. of grain into bags, each holding 1
bu. 3 pk. How many bags could he fill?
10. If a man can earn enough in one day to buy 1 gal. 2 qts.
of oil, how many days will it take him to earn enough to buy 13
gal. 1 qt. ?
LESSON XLVI.
A. Fractions may be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided
as whole numbers are. Thus : —
2 4 = 6 Just as 2 days + 4 days = 6 days.
1 J = I, just as 5 qts. — 3 quarts = 2 quarts.
9 times | == |^, just as 9 times 3 pecks = 27 pecks.
S> are contained 4 times in ||, just as 6 lb. are contained 4
times in 24 lb.
B. 1. 7 = * fourths ?
Solution. — Since 1 = 4 fourths, 7 must equal 7 times 4 fourths,
which are 28 fourths. Therefore, 7 =< ^s.
LESSON FORTY
-SIXTH. 117
2.
81
= * fifths ?
Solution. -
are 40 fifths,
- Since 1 =- 5 fifths,
and 4 fifths added an
8 must equal
) 44 fifths.
8 times 5 fifths, which
Hence 8| =Y-
NOTE.-
-Compare these solutions with those of E., Lesson XXX
3. 9
^ tenths ?
7.
4-^
= * seventeenths?
4. 5
: * thirds ?
8.
2A
= * nineteenths ?
5. 8
^ nineteenths ?
9.
7}?-
= * seventeenths ?
6. 4J=:
^ fourths ?
10.
6/r
= ^ elevenths?
c.
1.
5^8 =: Hi ones ?
SOLUTION.-
as there are t
—Since 9 ninths =< 1, 58 ninths must equal as many ones
imes 9 in 58, which are 6J times. Hence, -''-^ = 6|.
NOTE.-
-Compare this solution with th
)se of F., Lesson XXX.
2.
V
= ^ ones?
7.
%« = * ones ?
3.
27
5
= ^ ones ?
8.
f r = -3^ ones?
4.
V
= * ones?
9.
Y/ = * ones?
5.
33
= ^- ones?
10.
V = -5^ ones ?
6.
V
= * ones ?
11.
II = -jf ones?
D.
1.
What is the sum of
A + t\?
1st Solution.— -j9- -f JL = js
= 1tV
2d Solution. — Observing that
,-"t + t\ = tV + T> + T'f =
/t =
ll, or 1, we may have
Note. — The second forms of solution to the problems under D. and J
G., and the third form under E., will often be found much easier than
the first.
, - .... 1
118
COLBURN
'S FIRST PART.
2. 5 + 1?
5. ? +
f+4+i?
3. t'+}J?
6. 1 +
f+l + l?
4. I'l+iJt
7. A +
A+iV+ii?
E.
1. 4+3 + i?
Then 4 + 3 i ?
2. 8 + 7 + 1 ?
Then 8 + 7i?
3. 12+21 + f?
Then 12 + 21,
J»
4.
What is the sum
0f6| + 8|?
1st Solution.— 6| and 8 an
1 14 J, and ' are 14J = 15|
2d Solution. — 6 4-8 = 14; j + | = J =
14 = 15 f .
1|, which, added to
3d Solution. — Observing
that 6J + J = 7, we have 6j + 8^ =
6| +
• + 8| = r + 8| =
16|.
5.
9? +6??
9- Si%+'!i%+&tV
6.
3I + 4J?
10. 5| + 7|
+ 4J+5I?
7.
4A+3/tT
11. 8J + 2|
+ 7J+3f?
8.
Hi + ^V
12. 5J + 6|
+ 55 + 45?
F.
1. 6?-3i?
Solution.— 6J — 3 == 3 J ;
3J — |=:3|. Hence, 67— 3| = S|.
2.
8f —2\1
5.
16J -9|?
3.
14| -7|?
6.
1513 _4j\?
4.
Wt-4t'5?
7.
38ii - 292J ?
G.
1. What is the value of 1 —
t\?
SoLUTios.— 1 =• if, and j|
-TV = tV
LESSON FORTY-SIXTH
119
2. What is the value of 8
-^u
?
Solution. ~ 8 - -^^ « 7|J - /^ =
= Ui
3. i — i?
6.
3-1?
4. 1-if?
7.
S-fVf
5. 1-ii?
8.
9-1?
9. 8^^,-13?
1st Solution.— 8-''^ = 7 + l^"^^ —
i? =
m-
i5 = HI.
2d Solution. -8-^^ — 13 — sJ^^ ~
•r\-
^% =
^-i%=^m-
10. 23y5^^16A?
1st Solution.~23-j:^^ — 16 = 7^^
= 6|B. 6||
- r% = «tV
2d Solution. — 23^5^ — 10 = 7/^
; Vj
-t\
= h'i - A -
11. 9i -7|?
15.
23A
-13/,?
12. 4A-/,?
IG.
8/f
-3ii?
13. 16xV-5f2?
17.
64J
+ 4J - gp
14. 43f — 17|?
18.
23|
+ 17| - 8J ?
H. 1. George had a very large apple.
He gave William J of
it, Joseph 1 of it, and ate the rest.
What
part of it did he eat ?
2. Edward earned | of a dollar by picking blackberries, | of a ||
dollar by picking strawberries, and
J of a
dollar
by picking blue-
berries. How much did he earn in
all?
3. Who can tell whether the sum of S
.greater or less than 24|, and how much ?
1 + 5
1 + 8| + 7| is
4. From a lot containing 8^ acres, there were 5| acres sold.
How many acres were left ?
,
120 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
5. Mr. Stone gave -f-^ of his money for a lot of land, and ^ for
a horse. What part of it had he left ?
6. Isaac caught three nice trout. The first weighed 3-j-'^^ lb.,
the second -weighed 2j| lb., and the third weighed lj| lb. How
much did they all weigh ?
7. Mr. Davis owns -^^^ of a vessel, Mr. Mason owns ^®^, and
IsIt. Allen owns the rest. What part of the vessel does Mr. Allen
own?
8. Julia's father gave her || of a dollar, her mother gave her
] J, her brother gave her ^|, and her uncle gave her enough to
make up 2 dollars. How much did her uncle give her ?
9. Farmer Brown had VI-^^ tons of hay in his barn, and 15^'^^
tons in his stacks. How many tons had he in both ? He moved
o\^ tons from his stacks into his barn. How many tons were
then in his bam ? How many in his stacks ?
10. A man paid 11 J dollars for a coat, 3J dollars for a pair of
pants, and 2| dollars for a vest, giving in payment a twenty-doUar
bill. How much ought he to receive back ?
LESSON XLVII.
A. 1. 9 times JJ ?
Solution. — 9 times ^ = Y> which, since ^ = 1, must equal as
many ones as there are times 7 in 64, which are 7| times. Hence, 9
times ^ «x 75,
Abbreviated Solution. — 9 times ^ =. *j4 js- 75.
2. 4 times /^ ? 6. 9 times | ?
7. 4 times /^ ?
?
5. 7 times jl ? 9. 6 times 11 ?
4. 4 times «? 8. 5 times f?
LESSON FORTY-SEVENTH. 121
10.
6 times 7| ?
SoLUTipN.— 6 times 7 = 42, and 6 times ^ = l^ =. 33,Tvhich, added
to 42, gives 453. Hence, 6 times 7| == 45|.
11.
9 times 8f? ' 15. 6 times 8^9^?
12.
8 times 93? 16. 5 times 9f?
13.
7 times 4|? 17. 4 times 8jJ ?
14.
4 times 6}f ? 18. 6 times 14/g ?
B.
1. 12| = * times 2i ?
Solution. — 12| = ^^ ', 2|- = | ; and ^j contains ^' as many times
as 51 contains 9, which are 5| times. Hence, 123. = 5| times 2^,
2. 81-^3?
Solution.— 8| « %« ; 3 =. f ; and 2^« -^ | = 26 -^ 9 ==2|. Hence
8| -r- 3 = 23.
3.
7i = * times 1}? 8. TJ — IJ?
4.
4| = ^ times If? 9. 8f~2J?
6.
84. == * times If ? 10. 9 J H- 3 J ?
6.
9§== ^ times 2|? 11. Gf-f-la?
7.
58 = * times J? 12. 8|-MJ?
C. ]
yard
I How much will 7 yards of cloth cost at 9^ dollars per
2. A
$7 per
man gave 6 cords of wood at $42 per cord for raisins at
cask. How many casks did he buy ?
3. How many yards of cloth, at $3 per yard, can be bought for
8 bbls. of cider at $3| per barrel ?
10
122 colburn's first part.
4. I gave 9 firkins of butter at $4| per firkin for flour at $7
per barrel. How many baiTels did 1 buy ?
6. How many shade trees, worth | of a dollar a-piece, can be
bought for 51 dollars?
6. How many skeins of silk, worth -J of a dime per skein, can
be bought for 6| dimes ?
7. How many baskets, each containing ^ of a bushel, can be
filled from 8^ bushels of peaches ?
8. How many boxes, each holding J of a quart, can be filled
from 7 1 quarts of blackberries ?
9. A man paid 6J dollars for grain at J of a dollar per bushel.
How many bushels did he buy? He put the grain into bags
each holding IJ bushels. How many bags did he fill?
10. Ralph paid 5| dimes for parched corn at | of a dime per
quart. How many quarts did he buy ? After giving away 1 of
a quart, he put the rest into paper bags each holding | of a quart.
How many bags did it take ?
11. A farmer exchanged 5 barrels of apples at 1§ dollars per
barrel, for oil at lij dollars per gallon. How many gallons of oil
did he get?
12. How many pounds of tea, worth ^ of a dollar per pound,
should be given for three books worth 2^ dollars a-piece ?
13.^ A man who had lOJ bushels of potatoes, used 2 J bushels,
and then sold the rest at J of a dollar per bushel, receiving in
payment cloth at J of a dollar per yard. IIow many yards of
cloth did he receive ?
14. I bought 8 barrels of flour at $7^ per barrel, and gave in
payment 12 cords of wood at $4§ per cord, and the rest in apples
at 4 of a dollar per bushel. How many bushels of apples did I
sive?
LESSON FORTY-EIGHTH. 123
LESSON XLVIII.
A. 1. What part of 5 is 1 ?
^7w. — 1 is ^ of 6, because 5 times 1 = 5.
What part —
2. Of 7 is 1? 6. Of 10 is 1?
8. Of 2 is 1? 6. Of Sis 1?
4. Of 9 is 1? 7. Of Sis 1?
B. 1. What part of 8 is 3 ?
Solution. — Since 1 = J of 8, 3 must equal f of 8.
What part —
2. Of 12 is 7 ? 6. Of 9 is 10 ?
3. Of 9 is 4? 7. Of 13 is 11?
4. Of7is2? 8. Of8is5?
5. Of 10 is 9? 9. Of 5 is 8?
C. 1. What part of 9 quarts is 4 quarts ?
Solution, — i quarts is the same part of 9 quarts that 4 is of 9, which
What part —
2. Of 8 yd. is 3 yd. ? 6. Of $5 is $3?
3. Of 11 lb. is 7 lb. ? 6. Of £12 is £5?
4. Of 7 lb. is 11 lb.? 7. Of £5 is £12?
8. "V^Tiat part of the cost of 7 yd. is the cost of 4 yd. ?
9. What part of the cost of 3 acres is the cost of 4 acres ?
124 colburn's first part.
10. What part of the cost of 10 bushels is the cost of 9 bushels?
11. When flour is 9 dollars per barrel, what part of a barrel can
be bought for 1 dollar ? For 5 dollars ?
12. Mr. Edwards and Mr. Boyden bought a cask of oil, contain-
ing 8 gallons, which they so divided that Mr. Edwards had 3
gallons, and Mr. Boyden had 6. What part of the cost should
each pay ?
13. Mr. Avery, Mr. Leavens, and Mr. Congdon together bought
17 bushels of corn, which they so divided that Mr. Avery took 4
bushels, Mr. Leavens took 6 bushels, and Mr. Congdon took the
remainder. What part of the cost should each pay ?
LESSON XLIX.
A. 1. What is i of 63?
Ans. — 1 of 63 is 7, because 9 times 7 = t)3.
2. 1- of 24 ? 4. J- of 49 ? 6. | of 64 ?
3. ^of25? 6. 4 of 42? 7. ^jt of 81 ?
8. What is I of 72 ?
1st Solution.— i of 72 = 3 times t of 72 ; J of 72 is 9, and 3 times
9 = 27. Hence | of 72 = 27.
2d Solution. — J of 72 = 9, and f of 72 must equal 3 times 9, which
are 27. Hence, § of 72 = 27.
9. fof40? 12. 7 of 56? 15, J of 36?
10. fofl8? 13. 3?^ of 80? 16. I of 63?
11. I of 48? 14. 5 of 72? 17. |of54?
B. 1. How many are 4| times 9 ?
LESSON FORTY-NINTH. 125
l«t Solution. — 4§ times 9=4 times 9 + § of 9 = 4 times 9 + 2
times i of 9. 4 times 9 = 36 ; J of 9 = 3, and 2 times 3 = 6, which,
added to 36 == 42. Hence, 4§ times 9 = 42.
2d Solution.— 4 times 9 = 36. J of 9 = 3, and § of 9 must equal
2 times 3, or 6, which, added to 36 = 42. Hence, 4^ times 9 = 42.
2. 71 times 6 ? 8. | of 54 == * times 3 ?
3. 9 J times 8 ? 9. f of 42 = * times 9 ?
4. 8J times 10 ? 10. | of 40 = * times 7 ?
5. 6§ times 9 ? 11. 8§ times 9 = ^ times 10?
6. 8| times 12 ? 12. 5| times 12 = * times 8 ?
7. 5^ times 14 ? 13, 7i times 8 = * times 5 ?
14. I of 30 + f of 56 = ^ times 5 ?
15. « of 45 + I of 25 = * times 9 ?
16. 4 of 49 + I of 36 = * times 6 ?
17. 3 of 72+ 3 of 63 ==* times 9?
18. f of 64 + 4 of 28 = * times 7?
C. 1. If 8 pictures cost 72 cents, how muchwill
5 cost ?
Solution. — If 8 pictures cost 72 cents, 1 picture will cost J of 72
cents, or 9 cents, and 5 pictures will cost 5 times 9 cents, or 45 cents.
Hence, if 8 pictures cost 72 cents, 5 will cost 45 cents.
2. If 7 sheep cost $49, how many dollars will 3 sheep cost ?
3. If 8 papers of candy cost 66 cents, how much will 5 papers
cost?
4. If a girl receives 45 merit-marks for 9 perfect lessons, how
many will she receive for 5 perfect lessons ?
5. If 3 milk cans will hold 24 quarts of milk, how many quarts
will 7 milk cans hold ?
6. How much will 3 quarts of molasses cost at 32 cents per
gallon ?
11*
126 colburn's first part.
Solution. — If 1 gal or 4 qt. cost 32 cents, 1 quart, or i of a gal.,
wil. cost i of 32 cents, or 8 cents, and 3 quarts will cost 3 times 8 cents,
or 24 cents. Therefore, 3 quarts of molasses, at 32 cents per gallon,
would cost 24 cents.
7. How mucli will 7 qt. of meal cost at 24 cents per pk. ?
8. How much will 3 gills of oil cost at 48 cents per qt. ?
9. If a yard of cloth is worth 24 cents, how much is a piece 2
feet in length worth ?
10. If 1 acre 3 roods (or 7 roods) of land cost 63 dollars, how
many dollars will 1 acre cost ?
11. If 1 gal. 1 qt. of burning fluid cost 81 cents, how much
will 1 qt. cost? How much will 1 gallon cost?
12. If a pound of coffee cost 42 cents, what will ^ of a pound
cost?
Solution. — If a pound of coffee cost 42 cents, I of a pound will cost
I of 42 cents, which is 6 cents, and |- of a pound will cost 6 times 6
cents, or 36 cents. Therefore, ^ of a pound of coffee, at 42 cents per
pound, will cost 36 cents.
13. If a man can perform a piece of work in 72 minutes, in how
many minutes could he perform ^ of it ?
14. What will y of a yard of linen cost at 64 cents per yard ?
15. Brass is composed of 6opper and zinc. If J of it is zinc,
and the rest copper, how many pounds of copper will there bo in
a bar of brass weighing 25 lbs. ?
16. How much will 5| lb. of sugar cost at 8 cents per lb.
17. How much will 8 J barrels of flour cost at 6 dollars per
barrel ?
18. How many square rods of land are there in a piece 9 rods
long and 6§ rods wide ?
Solution. — Since a piece of land 1 rod long and 1 rod wide contains
1 sq. rd., a piece 9 rods long and 1 rod wide must contain 9 sq. rd.,
and a piece 9 rods long and 6§ rods wide must contain 65 times 9 sq.
LESSON rORTY- NINTH. 127
rd., which equal 60 sq. rd. Hence, a piece of land 9 rods long and 6§
rods wide conUiins 50 sq. rd.
19. How many sq. ft. are there in a blackboard 12 ft. long and
2 1 ft. wide?
20. How many sq. yd. are there in a floor 5 yd. long and i^
yd. wide ?
21. How much will it cost to paint a surface 8 ft. long and 4 J
wide, at 3 cents per sq. ft. ?
22. How much will it cost to plaster a wall 12 ft. long and 8J
ft. wide, at 4 cents per sq. ft. ?
23. If a man can walk 32 miles in 8 hours, how far can he walk
in one hour ? How far in 9J hours ?
24. If 8 tons of meadow-hay cost 72 dollars, how much will 5J
tons cost ?
25. If 7 yd. of cloth are worth 49 lb. of butter, how many
pounds of butter ought 4| yd. of cloth to be worth ?
26. Olive has 40 picture-books, Ella has | as many as Olive,
and Ada has J as many as Ella. How many has Ada? How
many has Ella ?
27. John is J as old as his father, who is 36 years old, and
William is f as old as John. How old is John? How old is
William ?
28. Edward had 3 cents, and Robert had 5. They put their
money together and bought 72 filberts. How many filberts ought
each to have ?
29. Harriet, Maria, and Caroline sent some berries to market,
for which they received 63 cents. Now, if Harriet sent 3 quarts,
Maria 2, and Caroline 4, how many cents ought each to receive ?
30. If for two three-cent pieces and 2 cents 64 marbles can be
bought, how many marbles can be bought for 1 three-cent piece
and 2 cents? How many for 3 three-cent pieces ?
128 colburn's first part.
31. Julia's basket holds 3 pt. 1 gill. If she can fill it with ber-
ries in 45 minutes, how many minutes would it take her to fill
Susan's basket, which holds but 1 pint ? How long to fill Jose-
phine's basket, which holds but 1 gill ?
LESSON L.
A. 1. Whatis Jof 3?
Solution. — i of 3 is | of 1, for if 3 equal things should be divided
into 4 equal parts, one of those parts would equal | of one thing.
Note. — This may be illustrated to the eye by taking 3 equal lines
and dividing them into 4 equal parts, arranged as in
the figure at the left. One part will then contain i
— — ZI HI of 2 lines, which, as will be seen, is equivalent to |
of a line.
2. iof7? 4. iof3? 6. l^ofS?
3. Jof3? 5. +ofl? 7. J of 4?
B. From the preceding exercises, it follows that |, or § of 1
= ^ of 3 ; that J, or J of 1 = J of 7, &c. Hence, § of any num-
ber equal 3 times ^ of that number, and also J of 3 times that
number; | of any number equal 4 times ^ of that number, and
also i of 4 times that number.
1. What is ? of 5 ?
1st Solution.— I of 5 «= 7 times J of 5 ; J of 6 — t, and 7 times f
= \s ^ 4|. Hence | of 5 r= 4^.
2d Solution. — I of 5 = J of 7 times 5 ; 7 times 5 = 35, and J of
35 = 4|. Hence, ^ of 5 = 4f.
Note. — The pupil should master the first solution, and then the
second, and afterwards be required to use in each example the one best
adapted to that example.
LESSON FIFTIETH. 129
2. J of 2? 4. fofS? 6. y\of7?
3. 5 of 6? 6. j^ofS? 7. 3 of 4?
C. 1. What is ^ of 6T ?
1st Solution.— i of 67 =- J of 64 -|- J of 3 ; | of 64 — 8 ; J of 3 =
I, which, added to 8 = 8f . Hence, i of 67 — 8f.
2d. Solution.— i of 67 = J of 64 -f- i of 3 «= SJ.
3d Solution.— i of 67 = 8f .
Note. — The first and second solutions are chiefly valuabla as a pre-
paration for the third.
2. iof43? 5. fofl7? 8. f^ofSQ?
3. ^of28? 6. 4 of 20? 9. J of 43?
4. J of 17? 7. I of 80? 10. J of 27?
D. 1. i of 52| ?
Solution. — i of 52f = ^ of 48 -f J of 4| ; J of 48 — 8 ; J of 4«
or of 3^0 -= 5^ which, added to 8 = 8^. Hence, J of 52 2 „. 8 5.
2. iofl7i? 8. J of 17 qt. 1 pt. ?
3. iof41|? 9. lof41pk. 5qt. ?
4. ; of 66| ? 10. 1 of 66 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. ?
6. |of26f? 11. |of49bu. 2pk.?
6. f of 86i ? 12. i of 58 yd. 2 ft. ?
7. I of 75 ? 13. I of 26 wk. 4 days ?
E. 1. g of 36 = * times 5 ? 4. » of 49 == * times 8?
2. f of25=r *times2? 5. ^ of 45 = * times 8?
3. j\ of 70 == ^ times 5? 6. f of 63 = * times 6 ?
F. 1. I of 45 = * times J of 42 ?
130 colburn's first part.
Solution. — | of 45 = 8 times l. of 45 ; ^ of 45 = 5, and 8 times
5 = 40 ; I of 42 = 7, and 7 is contained in 40, 5 1 times. Therefore,
I of 45 = 5| times i of 42.
2. j\ of 80 = * times J of 64 ?
3. I of 36 == * times J of 24?
4. I of 72 = * times } of 32 ?
5. I of 40 = * times | of 12 ?
6. I of 16 = * times J of 9?
7. ^ of 25 = * times ^ of 9 ?
8. I of 19 = ^ times J of 7 ?
9. J of 14 = * times i of 8?
G. 1. If 7 inkstands cost 45 cents, what will 3 cost ?
2. K 9 melons cost 77 cents, what will 5 cost ?
3. If 8 weeks* board cost $27, what will 7 cost?
4. If 4 men eat 23 pounds of meat in a month, how many
pounds will 7 men eat in the same time ?
6. If 8 horses eat 37 cwt. of hay in a month, how much will 5
horses eat in the same time ?
6. If 1 pk. of cranberries cost 63 cents, how many cwt. will 3
qt. cost?
7. If a gallon of burning fluid is worth 79 cents, what are 1 qt.
1 pt. worth ?
8. f of a furlong = how many rods ?
Suggestion.— Since 40 rods = 1 furlong, |- of a furlong equal | of
40 rods.
9. f of a qr. = how many pounds t
10. 5 of a cu. yd. = how many cubic feet ?
11. |. of an hour = how man^ minutes ?
LESSON FIFTIETH. 131
12. ^ of a day = how many hours ?
13. f of a bu. = how many pk., qt., &c. ?
\
Solution. — Since 1 bu. = 4 pk., § of a bu. must equal f of 4 pk.,
or 2§ pk. But since 1 pk. = 8 qt, § of a pk. must equal ^ of 8
qt., or 5 J qt. Since 1 qt. = 2 pt., J of a qt. must equal J of 2 pt.,
or § of a pt. Since 1 pt. = 4 gills, § of a pt. must equal § of 4 gills,
or 23 gills. Therefore, § of a bu. = 2 pk. 5 qt. pt. 2§ gills.
14. ^ of a £ = how many s., d., and qr. ?
15. ^ of a lb. = how many oz. and dwt. ?
16. ^ of a ton = how many cwt., qr., lb. ?
17. I of a sq. yd. = how many sq. ft, sq. in. ?
18. ^ of a lb. = how many oz., dwt., gr. ?
19. I of a wk. = how many da., h., &c. ?
20. 3 of a lb. = how many g., g., &c. ?
21. J of a £. = how many s., d. qr. ?
22. Frederic and Benjamin gathered some nuts, of which Fre-
derick gathered 4 qts., and Benjamin 2 qts. They sold them for
39 cents. How many cents ought each to receive ?
23. Mr. Ames and Mr. Clapp bought the apples on 2 large trees
for 9 dollars. Mr. Ames paid 5 dollars, and Mr. Clapp paid 4
dollars. There proved to be 87 pecks of apples on the trees.
How many pecks ought each to have ? How many bushels ?
24. If 4 pounds of rice are worth 24 cents, how many poundo
)f rice ought to be given for 7 J pounds of sugar worth 8 cents per
pound ?
25. How many half-pounds of coffee, worth 16 cents per
pound, would be given for 2J bushels of oats, worth 44 cents per
bushel ?
26. I gave 4 pk. 3 qt. of nuts, worth 24 cents per peck, for eggs
at 12 cents per dozen. How many dozen eggs did I receive ?
132 colburn's first part.
27. I worked 3J weeks, at $18 per week, and received in pay-
ment $30 in money and the balance in shoes at $3 per pair.
How many pairs of shoes did I receive ?
28. James asked his father for some drawing-pencils, to which
his father replied, ** 4 good drawing-pencils will cost as much as
3 writing books at $1 per dozen. Now, if you will tell me how
much 6 drawing-pencils will cost, I will buy them for you.''
What should have been James's answer ?
LESSON LI.
A. 1. What part of ^ is f ?
Solution. — 2 \s the same part of | that 2 is of 5, which is |.
What part —
2. OfAisJ? 4. Of 2V is aV- ^'
3. Of^is/^? 5. Of J is 4? 7. Of f is J ?
8. What part of 2| is 10| ?
Solution. — 2^ = 1 ; 10 J, and ^ is the same part of | that 31 is of 8,
which is 3^1 or 3J. Hence, lOJ = 3^1 of 2§, or it equals 3| times 2^.
What part —
9. Of 2 J is 4 J ? 14. Of 3 da. is 1 wk. ?
10. Of 71 is 2f ? 15. Of 4 sq. ft is 1 sq. yd.
11. Of9|is2|? 16. Of 1 pk. 1 qt. is 3 pk. 7 qt. ?
12. Of J is 1? 17. Of3yd. 1ft. is8yd. 2ft.?
13. Of I is 1 ? 18. Of 9 d. 1 qr. is 3 d. 2 qr. ?
B. 1. 3 = ^ of what number ?
2.
9 = 1 of * ?
3.
7 = iof*?
4.
3 = Jof*?
6.
| = iof^?
6.
| = iof^?
LESSON FIFTY-FIRST. 133
1st Solution. — 3 = ^ of 8 times 3, or 24.
2d Solution. — If 3 is ^ of some number, 1 of the number must be 8
times 3, or 24. Hence, 8 -= i of 24.
7. f = itof^e?
8. 9 J = i of * ?
9. 7| = i of * ?
10. 2bu. 3pk. = Jof *?
11. 5wk. 3da. == Jof *?
C. 1. 17 = I of what number ?
Solution. — If 17 = | of some number, I of that number must be i
of 17, which is 5|, and J of the number must be 4 times 5§, which is
22t. Therefore, 17 = I of 22f .
Note.— To prove this, see if | of 22§ = 17.
2. 36 = 4 of * ? 12. 3| times 10 == -J of *?
3. 32 = |of^? 13. 91 times7 = |of *?
4. 40 = I of * ? 14. 5| times 9 = | of * ?
5. 42=«of*? 16. 8Jtimes8 = -jPg of *?
6. 81 = j\ of * ? 16. 8J times 9 = 13 times * ?
7. 27 = I of ^ ? 17. 9J times 6 = 2} times * ?
18. 8| times 10 = If times * ?
19. 3f times 9 = 3J times * ?
10. 40 = I of * ? 20. 6} times 8 = 1| times * ?
11. I of 45 = 5 of * ? 21. 8| times 6 = 2J times * ?
D. 1. If I of a gallon of molasses cost 25 cents, what will 1
gallon cost ?
12 ~~ ~ ' -'
134 colburn's first part.
Solution. — If £ of a gallon cost 25 cents, ^ of a gallon will cost J
of 25 cents, which is 8i cents ; and J of a gallon will cost 4 times 8J
cents, which are 33^ cents. Therefore, 1 gallon of molasses will cost
33i cents, if | of a gallon cost 25 cents.
2. If I of a yard of muslin cost 37 cents, "wliat will 1 yard
cost?
3. If |- of a yard of linen cost 53 cents, what will 1 yard cost ?
4. If J of a month's wages amount to 23 dollars, what will 1
month's wages amount to ?
5. John is 17 years old, and his age is | of his teacher's age.
How old is his teacher ?
6. Deborah says that she has 41 cents. " Then," said Lavinia,
" you have only -^^ as many as I have." How many cents had
Lavinia ?
7. David told George that ^ of his money would buy 5J pounds
of raisins at 9 cents per pound. ** Then," replied George-, " you
have 6 cents more than I have." How many cents did each of
the boys have ?
8. Seth's father gave him a half-dollar to buy a pound of tea
with, saying to him, "4 of a pound of tea will cost 80 centn, and
if you will tell me how much a pound will cost, you may have the
money which will be left after paying for the tea." Seth an-
swered correctly. What was his answer ? How many cents would
be left after paying for the tea ?
9. A farmer gave 7f dozen of eggs at 9 cents per dozen for J
of a gallon of oil. What was a gallon of the oil worth ?
10. A butcher received 35 shillings for f of a hundred weight
of beef. What would ho receive for a hundred weight at the same
price. What would he receive for -^^ of a hundred weight ?
11. A schoolmaster being asked his age, replied, *' f of my life
have been spent in teaching. I have taught in Boston 25 years,
which is f of all the time I have taught." What was his age ?
LESSON FIFTY-FIRST. 135
12. If a yard of muslin costs 70 cents, and ^ of a yard of mus-
lin costs I as much as a yard of cambric, what will a yard of
cambric cost?
13. If a yard of linen costs 56 cents, and | of a yard of linen
costs I as much as a yard of lawn, how much will a yard of lawn
cost ? How much will J of a yard of lawn cost ?
14. If Joseph can earn 54 cents in one day, and it takes William
y^j of a day to earn as much as Joseph can earn in | of a day,
how much can William earn in one day ?
15. Mr. Battles gave 25 dollars for a cow, and 1| times what
he gave for the cow is equal to 2 J times what he gave for a heifer.
What did he give for the heifer ?
16. After Arthur had given -| of his money for a blank book,
and I of it for a grammar, he had 18 cents left. How many cents
had he at first ?
17. I of Mr. Ball's farm is tillage, * of it is pasturage and the
rest, 3 acres, is orchard. How many acres does he own ?
18. William and Henry were trying to puzzle each other about
their ages. William told Henry that he had spent J of his life in
Philadelphia, f of it in New York, and the rest in Boston, and
that he had lived 5 years more in New York than in Boston.
Henry found out his age. What was it ?
19. Henry then said to William, *'I have lived in Hartford,
Providence, and Boston. I spent -^^ of my life in Hartford ; I
lived in Providence twice as long as in Hartford, and have livei
in Boston 2 years more than 3 times as long as in Providence."
William found out Henry's age. What was it ?
136 colburn's first part.
LESSON LII.
A. 1. What is the effect of multiplying the nu-
merator of the fraction j% by 3 ?
Ans. — Multiplying the numerator of the fraction y*^ by 3, gives
1^ for a result, which expresses 3 times as many parts, each of
the same .size as before, and is, therefore, 3 times as large.
Hence, multiplying the numerator of j\ by 3, multiplies the frac-
tion by 3.
What is the effect of multiplying the numerator
of—
2. T\by2? 4. 4 by 3? 6. 4 by 5?
3. 2\by6? 6. 8 by 7? 7. | by 9 ?
8. What is the effect of dividing the numerator
of the fraction j| by 6 ?
Ans. — Dividing the numerator of || by 6, gives j^j for a result,
which expresses J as many parts, each of the same size as before,
and is therefore J as large. Hence, dividing the numerator of
If ^y 6, divides the fraction by 6.
Note. — Tho first of the above solutions is equivalent to "3 times
y^y = XZj just as 3 times 4 apples = 12 apples;" and the second is
equivalent to " J of j | == J^^, just as J of 12 apples = 2 apples."
They are necessary as a preparation for the exercises which follow.
What is the effect of dividing the numerator of —
9. 14 by 5? 11. I by 4? 13. |fby7?
10. I? by 2? 12. §by8? 14. ||by9?
LESSON FIFTY-SECOND. 137
Hence, multiplying the numerator of a fraction multiplies the frac-
tion, and dividing the numerator divides the fraction,
B. To THE Teacher. — Should the pupils find any difficulty in under-
standing the following exercises, illustrations should be given by divi-
ding visible objects, such as apples, lines, <fcc., into various kinds of
fractional parts.
From the nature of fractional partr, it follows that —
1st. The larger the number of fractional parts into which any
unit is divided, or which it takes to equal that unit, the smaller
each part will be.
2d. The smaller the number of fractional parts into which any
unit is divided, or which it takes to equal that unit, the larger
each part will be.
1. Whicli parts are larger in size, halves or
fourths ?
Ans. — Halves, because it takes a less number of them to equal
a unit.
Which parts are larger in size —
2. Halves or thirds ? 6. Halves or tenths ?
8. Fourths or eighths ? 6. Fourths or twelfths ?
4. Thirds or ninths ? 7. Fifths or twentieths ?
C. 1. Each half equals how many sixths ?
1st Form of Answer. — Each half equals J of 6 sixths, which
is 3 sixths. Hence, each half equals 3 sixths.
2d Form of Answer. — Each half equals 3 sixths, for if a unit
should be divided into 6 equal parts, J of the unit would contain
3 of them.
138 colburn's first part.
2. Each half equals how many fourths ?
3. Each third equals how many ninths ?
4. Each fourth equals how many twelfths ?
5. Each fifth equals how many tenths ?
6. Each sixth equals how many eighteenths ?
D. From the foregoing exercises we may infer that —
1st. Multiplying the number of fractional parts into which a unit
is divided, or which it takes to equal a unity divides each part.
2d. Dividing the number of parts into which a unit is divided, or
which it takes to equal a unit, multiplies each part.
1. What is the eifect of multiplying the denomi-
nator of the fraction | by 4 ?
Ans. — Multiplying the denominator of the fraction J by 4,
gives -^^ for a result, which expresses the same number of parts
each J as large as before. Hence, -^^ = J of J, or multiplying
the denominator of ^ by 4, has divided the fraction by 4.
What is the effect of multiplying the denominator
of—
2. §by5? 4. fby2? 6. |by3?
3. §by6? 5. 4 by 3? 7. fby4?
What is the effect of dividing the denominator of
Ans. — Dividing the denominator of the fraction -f^ by 2, gives |
for a result, which expresses the same number of parts each twice
as large as before. Hence, | = two times ^^, or the fraction ^-
has been divided by 2.
LESSON FIFTY-SECOND. 139
What is the effect of dividing the denominator —
9. Of 5 by 3? 11. Of 2^ by 8? 13. Of ^^ by 7?
10. Of I by 2? 12. Of 2^^ by 5? 14. Of |J by 9 ?
E. The numerator and denominator are called terms of the
fraction.
I. What is the effect of multiplying both terms
of I by 6 ?
Ans. — Multiplying both terms of the fraction f by 6, gives -}-|
for a result, which expresses 6 times as many parts, each J as
large as before. Hence, the value of the fraction is not altered,
What is the effect of multiplying both terms of —
2. J by 3? 6. /ffby3? 8. |by8?
3. J by 2? 6. I by 4? 9. /^byS?
4. I by 4? 7. fby7? 10. fby6?
II. What is the effect of dividing both terms of
if by 5.
Ans. — Dividing both terms of the fraction -15 by 5, gives | for
a result, which expresses J as many parts each 5 times as large
as before. Hence, the value of the fraction is not altered, or
15 3
25 — 5-
What is the effect of dividing both terms of —
12. -i%by3? 15. T\by3? 18. i4by7?
13. 4 by 4? 16. /^by3? 19. J| by 5 ?
14. -{-«by5? 17. i|by7? 20. f J by 9 ?
140 colburn's first part.
F. From the foregoing, it appears that —
1. Multiplying the numerator multiplies the fractiony hy multiply-
ing the number of parts considered^ without affecting their size.
2. Dividing the numerator divides the fractiony hy dividing the num-
ber of parts considered^ without affecting their size.
3. Multiplying the denominator divides the fractiony by dividing
each party without affecting the number of parts considered.
4. Dividing the denominator multiplies the fraction, by multiplying
each party without affecting the number of parts considered.
6. A fraction may be multiplied either by multiplying the numerator
or by dividing the denominator.
6. A fraction may be divided either by dividing the numerator or
by multiplying the denominator.
7. Multiplying both numerator and denominator of a fraction by
the same number both multiplies and divides the fraction by that num-
ber, andy therefore, does not alter its value.
8. Dividing both numerator and denominator of a fraction by the
same number, both divides and multiplies the fraction by that number,
and, thereforey does not alter its value.
LESSON LIII.
A. A fraction is said to be in its Lowest Terms when its
numerator and denominator are the smallest entire numbers which
will express its value.
When a fraction is in its Lowest Terms, there is no entire num-
ber greater than one which will divide both numerator and deno-
minator without a remainder.
LESSON FIFTY-THIRD. 141
Hence, a fraction may he reduced to its lowest terms hy dividing
both numerator and denominator by the same numbers,
1. Reduce sf to its lowest terms.
Solution. — Both terms of jL| can be divided by 6. Dividing
them, gives | for a result, which expresses ' i as many parts, each
6 times as large as before. Hence, ±| — |, and as | admits of no fur-
ther reduction, it is the fraction required.
The number by which we divide in reducing fractions to their
lowest terms, are said to be canceled. Thus, in the first solu-
tion, we canceled the factor 6 ; in the second, we canceled the
factor 2, and then the factor 3.
Note. — The pupil should not only master the explanation, but
should also learn to give the results without the explanation. Let him
also observe that a fraction can always be reduced to its lowest terms
by dividing both terms by their greatest common divisor.
Reduce each of the following fractions to its lowest
terms : —
2. tV 5. if. 8. Jf. 11. A8.
3. j%. 6. if. 9. If. 12. 4|.
4. ^\. 7. J|. 10. if. 13. ^,
B. A fraction is sometimes expressed by the factors of its
numerator and denominator.
4X9
Example.— The fraction — 1_ which may be read, " The fraction
15 X 8,
having 4 times 9 for its numerator, and 15 times 8 for its denomina-
tor,'^ or, " The fraction 4 times 9, divided by 15 times 8."
Such fractions should be reduced to their lowest terms before
muhiplying their factors together.
Reduce ^^ ^ to its lowest terms.
Solution.— Canceling 4 from the factor 4 of the numerator and S
142 colburn's first part.
of the denominator, gives 1 in place of the former, and 2 in place of
the latter.* Cancelling 3 from the factor 9 in the numerator, and 15
of the denominator, gives 3 in place of the former, and 5 in place of
the latter. ■}• As no further division can be made, we multiply the re-
4X9 1X3 3
maining factors together, which gives == = —
In writing out the work, it is customary to draw a line through
the numbers from which factors have been canceled, and to write
the quotients above the dividends of the numerator, and below
those of the denominator.
Reduce each of the following to its lowest terms :
^6X4 Q 28 X 36 ^^ 3x4x6
' 24 X 14 * 6 X 8 X 3
^ 49 X 25 ^j 4 X X 21
* 35 X 35 * 14 X G X 3
« 2x3x4 .., 15 X 7X 13
9X8
10
X
9
21
X
6
12
X
7
35
X
18
16
X
18
12.
6x5x8 13x35x9
9 4x7x 9 ^3 24 X 18 X 25
45 X 24 '7x6x8 ' 36 x 45 x 56.
LESSON LIV.
A. 1. How can J of a fraction be found ?
Ans. — J of a fraction can be found by dividing its numerator
by 2 ; or by multiplying its denominator by 2. For, dividing the
numerator by 2, will give for a result a fraction expressing J as
many parts, each of the same size as those of the given fraction ;
*This makes the fraction express i as many parts, each 4 times as
large as before, and hence does not alter its value.
f This makes the fraction express J as many parts, each 3 times as
large as before, and therefore does not alter its value.
LESSON PIFTY-FOURTH. 143
or, dividing the denominator, will give for a result a fraction
expressing the same number of parts, each J as large as those of
the given fraction.
Note. — The statement of the reasons should not be omitted till it i«
certain that the pupil fully understands them.
State the method of finding —
2. J of a fraction. 5. -jJ^ of a fraction.
3. )j of a fraction. 6. J of a fraction.
4. I- of a fraction. 7. J^ of a fraction.
B. 1. What is the effect of multiplying the nu-
merator of a fraction by 3, and the denominator by
4?
Ans. — Multiplying the numerator of a fraction by 3, and the
denominator by 4, gives for a result f of the original fraction, for
it gives 3 times as many parts, each J as large as before.
What is the effect of multiplying the numerator
of a fraction —
2. By 4, and the denominator by 7 ?
3. By 8, and the denominator by 3 ?
4. By 11, and the denominator by 6 ?
5. By 12, and the denominator by 10 ?
6. By 24, and the denominator by 17 ?
C. 1. How can | of a fraction be found ?
1st Method. — ^ of a fraction can be found by getting | of the nu-
merator for a new numerator, without altering the denominator.
2d Method. — f <>^ * fraction can be found by multiplying the nu-
merator by 5 and the denominator by 6.
144
COLBURN S FIRST PART.
Note. — The pupil should observe that the first method gives | as
many parts of the same size as before, and that the second gives 5
times as many parts, each ^ as large as before. He should observe,
further, that the first method is identical with that of Lesson L.
Explain the methods of finding —
2.
1^ of a fraction.
6.
1 of a fraction.
3.
^ of a fraction.
7.
IJ of a fraction.
4.
y^ of a fraction.
8.
j^ of a fraction.
6.
y'*j of a fraction.
9.
J of a fraction
D.
1. What
is \
Ofy^?
2.
J off?
1
3
2
6. }of}?
10. |of||»
3.
tofA^
7. fjof§|?
11. /,off?
4.
T^.0f|?
8. Ifofil?
12. |of|f?
5.
|ofJ?
9. ioff?
18. ^\otJ^1
E. 1. What is the product of f times ^f ?
3
Solution.- f times if - 1 of if ^ ^ ^^ ^ tV
2 5
9 X 28 6
2. What is the product of y^ x || ?
1st Solution.— y\ X f f , or fV times f|=A of §|= jj^^^
2d. Solution. — /^ X ff, or j\ multiplied by f|, -= ||of ^9^=»
28 X 9 _ 6
33 X 14 ^^'
LESSON FIFTY-FOURTH. 145
Note. — The slight difference between the first and second solution
results from the different reading of the sign of multiplication. We
recommend the first as being the most simple.
5. |X ^L? 8. ^fXi?? 11. 4 X JX ax VV?
12. 4J X 21?
Solution. — 4ix 2| = | X y== V = ^2^*
13. 2|x4J? 15. 2JX3J? 17. If X IJ?
14. 5JxH? 16. 4fxl-|? 18. 8JX7J?
G. 1. f = I of what number ?
Solution. — If f = « of some number, i of that number must be i
3
of i, which is = J ; and ^ of the number must be 7 times J,
which are ^. Hence, | = 5 of f .
2. |=:40f^-? 6. ^==:^of^t
3. |4 = j% of ^- ? ^. 3J = 2} times ^ ?
4. /g = 1^ times -)f ? S. 2J = 2f times * ?
6. i=2i times * ? 9. 4 J = f of * ?
H. 1. How much will f of a yard of cloth cost at | of a dollar
per yard ?
2. How much will f of a quart of filberts cost at | of a dime
per quart ?
3. George gathered | of a bushel of cranberries, and sold f of
what he gathered. What part of a bushel did he sell ?
4. Rufus earned J of a dollar, and then spent | of what he had
earned. What part of a dollar did he spend ?
j3 -
146 colburn's first part.
5. If 1 pound of tea is worth | of a dollar, what is ^ of a pound
w or til ?
6. If a man can hoe | of an acre of corn in 1 day, what pnrt
of an acre can he hoe in J of a day ?
7. If 5 pounds of soap cost J of a dollar, what will one pound
cost?
8. If 4 oranges cost J of a dollar, what will 1 orange tost '
What will 3 cost ?
9. If 6 pine apples cost J of a dollar, what will 6 cost ?
10. If 5 lb. of coffee cost | of a dollar, what will 10 lb. cost?
11. If § of a yard of silk velvet cost 5 J dollars, what will 1
yard cost ?
Solution. — If § of a yard of silk velvet cost 5J dollars, ^ of a yard
will cost i of 5i dollars. ^ of 5i = i of 4 -[- i of U, or of |, which is
2|. If J of a yard cost 2§ dollars, | of a yard will cost 3 times 2^
dollars, which are 7J dollars.
12. If I of an acre cost 30J dollars, what will 1 acre cost ?
13 If J of a cask of oil is worth 64 J dollars, what is the cask
worth ?
14. If 2 J cords of wood are worth $18J, what is 1 cord worth?
15. If a wood-cutter can cut 6 J acres of wood in 2J days, how
much can he cut in 1 day?
16. If Rufus can shell 2f bushels of corn in 1 hour, how many
bushels can he shell in 2 J hours ?
17. If Rufus can shell 7J bushels of corn in 2J hours, how many
bushels can he shell in 1 hour ?
18. If Albert can walk 13 J miles in 4 hours, how far can he
walk in 1 hour ? How far in 2 J hours ?
19 If Albert can walk 7 J miles in 2 J hours, how far can he
walk in 1 hour ? How far in 4 hours ?
LESSON FIFTY-FOURTH. 147
20. When 4^ bushels of corn can be bought for $2|, how many
bushels can be bought for 1 dollar? How many for y^^ of a
dollar ?
21. When 1|J- bushels of corn can be bought for y^^ of a dollar,
how many bushels can be bought for 1 dollar ? How many for
$2|?
22. If J of a yard of linen is given in exchange for f of a yard
of silk worth | of a dollar per yard, what ought the linen to be
worth per yard ?
23. If I of a yard of silk is given in exchange for | of a yard
of Unen worth f of a dollar per yard, what ought the silk to be
worth per yard ?
24. What part of 1 rod is 4 yd. 2 ft. 1| in. ?
Solution. — Since 1 in. =j^^ of a foot, 1| in. or 1^2 of an inch must
equal ^ of ^^ of a ft. = 1 ft., to which, adding the 2 ft., gives 21
ft,, or y ft. Since 1 ft. = J of a yd., y of a ft. must equal y of i of
a yd.= I yd., to which, adding the 4 yd., gives 4-| yd. = 3_3 yd. Since
1 yd. = 2^ of a rd. ^^ of a yd. must equal "^^^ of Jt rd. = | rd.
Hence, 4 yd. 2 ft. 1| in. = ^ of a rod.
Prove by Solution to 13th problem, page 131.
25. What part of 1 bu. is 3 pk. 1 qt. 1} pt. ?
26. Of 1 gal. is 2 qt. 1 pt. 26 gi. ?
27. Of 1 lb. is 8 oz. 14f dr. ?
28. Of 1 wk. is 5 da. 10 h. 40 m. ?
29. Of 1 £. is 2 s. 10 d. 1^ qr.
30. Of lib. is 9 §.45.29. 8gr.?
31. Of 1 lb. is 4 oz. 5 dwt. 17J- gr.?
32. Of 1 T. is 2 cwt. qr. 22 lb. 3 oz. 8f 02.
148 colburn's first part.
LESSON LV.
A. 1.1 = how many times I ?
Solution. — 1 = |, and | = 5 times ^. Hence, 1 «= 5 times i.
2. What is the quotient of 1 - i ?
Solution.— 1 = .7, and ;f - *- i = 7 -f- 1 = 7. Hence, 1—1 = 7.
3. l = ^timesj? 7. 1 -r J?
4. l = *timesi? 8. l-f-JL?
5. 1 = * times -^L ? 9. 1 -f- 4 ?
6. 1 = 4t times J^? 10. 1 -^ i?
Inference.— Since 1 = 2 times i, = 3 times J, &c., it follows that
there will be 2 times as many halves, 3 times as many thirds, <fcc., as
there are times 1 in any number.
B. 1. 5 = * times J?
Solution. — Since 5 contains 1, 5 times, it must contain J, 3 times 5
times, or 15 times. Hence, 5 = 15 times J.
2. What is the quotient of 8 -^ J ?
Solution. — Since the quotient of 8 -r- 1 = 8, the quotient of 8 -r J
must equal 3 times 8 or 24. Hence, 8 -7- J = 24.
3. 7 = ^timesi? 9. 8-f--L?
4. 3 = ^ times ^ ? 10. 2 -f- J- ?
5. 5 = *tiiPes^V- 11- 10 -r J?
6. 9 = * times J? 12. 4~J?
7. 4 = * times J ? 13. 12 -^ ^ ?
8. 6==^ times J? 14. 9-rJ?
LESSON FIFTY-FIFTH. 149
C. From all the preceding exercises, it must be obvious that
the quotient of a number divided by 1 equals that number. Thus
3 A. 1 = 3 ; 7 -r 1 = 7, &c. So f —1 = J; | -^- 1 = |, &c.
1. I = how many times J ?
Solution. — Since | contains 1, | times, it must contain i, 4 times
? times, which are ^^ times == 2| times. Hence, 3 ___ 23 times I,
2. What IS the quotient of f -^ 7 ?
Solution. — Since the quotient of § divided by 1 = f , the quotient
of I divided by ^ must equal 7 times f, which are y = 4^. Hence,
A -^ 1 = u_
3. 4 = ^ times J ? 8. | -f- J
4. j\ = * times -J ? 9.
5. § = ^ times i ? 10.
6. f == -sf times J? 11.
7. I = -x- times J? , 12.
^?
D. From the nature of division, it is obvious that, while the
dividend remains the same, the larger the divisor is, the smaller will
be the quotient, and the smaller the divisor is, the larger will be
the quotient.
Thus the quotient of 8 divided by 2 is 4, which is J of the quo-
tient of 8 divided by 1 ; the quotient of 15 -f- 3 is 5, which is J
of the quotient of 15 divided by 1. So the quotient of a number
divided by | must be J of its quotient divided by j ; the quotient
of a number divided by -? must be J of its quotient divided by J,
&c., &c.
1. 8 = * j?
Solution.— Since 8 contains -J, 5 times 8 times, it must contain 3
i of 5 times 8 times, or | of 8 times, which are 13J times. Hence,
8 = 13J times 5.
13* ■ ■
150 colburn's first part.
2. What is the quotient of 4 -r- | ?
Solution.— Since the quotient of 4 divided by l = 7 times 4, the
quotient of 4 divided by 3 must equal i of 7 times 4, or 1 of 4, which
is 9J- Hence, 4 H- ^ = 9^.
3. 7 = ^^ times f ? 9. 8 -f- /^ ?
4. 5 =: If times | ? 10. 2 -^ JL ?
5. 8 = * times J ? 11. 6 -f- § ?
6. 1 = * times | ? 12. 1 -i- | ?
7. 1 = * times J ? 13. 1 _i. | ?
8. 4 = * times ^t 14. 9 ~ 4 ?
E. 1. § = how many times | ?
Solution.— Since | contains ^, 7 times | times, it must contain 3
J of 7 times | times or | of | times = i^ times. Hence, 2^14
times 3.
2. What is the quotient of f -^ 4 ?
Solution. — Since the quotient of | divided by l = 7 times |, the
quotient of | divided by « must equal J of 7 times |, or 1 of |, which,
by canceling the factor 3, equals ^. Hence, | -^ ^ __ j^
3. | = *times/g? 8. |-f-f?
4. } = ^times|? 9. 91 ~- |?
6. f = * times /^ ? 10. /^ -r |?
6. 5 = * times I?
7. f = * times -^p ?
F. The preceding exercises and solutions make it evident that
the quotient of a number divided by f = J of 3 times the num-
ber sr= 1 of the number ; the quotient of a number divided by
i = J of 9 times the number = | of the number, and generally
that —
LESSON FIFTY-FIFTH. 161
The quotient of a number divided by a fraction equals the product
of that number multiplied by the fraction inverted.
1. What is the quotient of ^ ~- 2| ?
Ans.-i- -^ 2f = 4 ^ I = 4 >^ t = i.
2. 4-7-lJ? 5. 2i~4J? 8. 8J~4J?
3. |~7i? 6. f|~3i? 9. /,~|?
4. 5i~-4f? 7. 93-7-14? 10. 8i-r5|?
G. Examples in division of fractions sometimes appear in the
form of fractions. They are then called complex fractions.
Illustration. — _ which equals 4§ -^ 3 \.
A complex fraction, then, has a fraction in one or both its
terms. They may be explained after the following model : —
4|
— expresses the value of 4| equal parts of such kind that 3 J
of them will equal a unit.
Complex fractions may be reduced to simple ones by merely
performing the indicated division.
Thus : -I = 4f -■ 31 = 1 4 -^ 1 6 _ ^^ X 5 35 ^
Reduce each of the following to simple fractions :
1. II. 3. !i 5 ^^
2 J
3.
Si
41
4.
^
2. !l. 4. £i. 6.
2| 8J li
H. 1. How many melons at f of a dime each can be bought
for 5 dimes ?
152 colburn's first part.
Solution.— Since 1 melon can be bought for | of a dime, as many
melons can be bought for 5 dimes as there are times | in 5, which are
I of 5 times or 2_o times == 6| times. Hence, G§ melons at | of a dime
a-piece can be bought for 5 dimes.
2. How many bushels of corn at f of a dollar per bushel can
be bought for 7 dollars ?
3. How many hours will it take a scholar who learns ^ of a
page per hour to learn 3 pages ?
4. When tea is worth J of a dollar per lb., how many pounds
can be bought for $5.
5. If a man can walk -^^ of a furlong in 1 minute, how many
minutes will it take him to walk -J of a furlong?
G. If a man can gather | of the apples on a certain tree in 1
hour, how many hours will it take him to gather -f-^ of them ?
7. Edward divided | of a rood of land into flower-beds, each
containing -^^ of a rood. How many beds did he make ?
8. A man who had $5, gave J of his money for grass seed at
$2i per bushel. How many bushels did he buy ?
9. How many pounds of pearlash at -^-^ of a dime per pound
can be bought for § of a pound of chocolate at 3f dimes per lb.?
10. If Josephine can learn J of a lesson in an hour, how many
hours will it take her to learn 1 lesson ?
11. Albert has a cord 28 feet long, which he wishes to cut into
pieces each 2| feet long. How many pieces will it make ?
12. A man who liad but $9, invested f of his money in cloth
at IJ dollars per yard, and the rest of it in cloth at 1 J dollars per
yard. How many yards of each kind did he buy ?
13. When a bushel of potatoes can be bought for | of a dollar,
how many bushels of potatoes can be bought for 9 bushels of
corn at i of a dollar per bushel ?
LESSON FIFTY-SIXTH. 153
14. How many bottles, eacli holding ^ of a. quart, can be filled
from f of a gallon of wine ?
15. A farmer has 2^ tons of hay in one stack, and 3| tons in
another. He carries it to market in loads each weighing 1| tons.
How many loads will both stacks make ?
16. How many tiles f of a foot long and i of a foot wide will it
take to cover 18 sq. ft. of surface ?
17. How many square yards in a floor 12 feet long and 9 feet
wide, and how many yards of carpeting f of a yard wide, will it
take to cover it ?
18. When $1 is received for f of a sq. ft. of land, how many
dollars will be received for a strip 16 feet long, and j^^ o^ ^ ^^ot
wide ?
LESSON LVI.
A. 1. f = how many twelfths ?
Solution. — Since 1 =: l|, S of 1 must equal | of {-|, which are ^^.
Hence, S = ^\.
In a similar manner reduce —
9. f and J to twelfths.
10. I and |- to thirty-sixths.
11. f and -p^ to fortieths.
12. -^^ and f to twenty-fourths.
13. -^^ and :^^ to sixtieths.
14. I and l to fifty -sixths.
15. |, ^ and rp^ to seventieths.
Let the pupil now solve the above questions by the following
form : —
2.
f to sixths.
3.
J to eighths.
4.
1 to tenths.
5.
J to twentieths.
6.
5 to forty-fifths.
7.
1 to twenty-firsts.
8.
IJ to thirty-sixths.
154 colburn's first part.
Solution to problem 1st. — Since the required denominator, 12, is 3
times the given denominator, 4, we multiply both terms of f by 3,
which gives | == -j9-.
B. 1. Fractions have a COMMON DENOMINATOR when they have
the same denominator.
Illustration. — | and J do not have a common denominator, but
i, If and 1 have the common denominator 9.
2. Fractions having different denominators can be reduced to
a common denominator, t. e., to equivalent fractions having a
common denominator. This is illustrated in the last 7 examples
under A. •
3. In reducing fractions to a common denominator —
1st. Select a convenient number for the commoii denominator,
2d. Reduce the given fractions by the method explained in A.
4. It will usually be most convenient to select the least com-
mon multiple of the denominators of the given fractions for a
common denominator.
C. 1. Reduce |, |, and \^ to a common deno-
minator.
Partial Solution. — We first find the least common multiple of the
given denominators 6, 8, and 12. It is 24, which we therefore select
for the common denominator. The problem is now equivalent to the
following: *' Reduce 5 |, and 11 to twenty-fourths," and may be
solved by one of the methods explained under A.
Reduce the fractions in each of the following
examples to a common denominator : —
2. i and J. 6. 1, J, and |i.
3. fandi, - 7. /,, -j-V and f.
4. iand3. 8. ^^ f, and /,.
5. I and |. 9. -4, J, and ^\.
I
LESSON FIFTY-SEVENTH. 155
10. I J, and i.
11. |, i, and |.
12. |, I, and f
13. -rV/p andi.
U. I, 5, and i
15.
3, -5j, and i.
16.
l^iVli^^^di
17.
i, i^iand/,.
18
|, J, i, and /^.
19.
iVA^i.^^^il-
LESSON LVII.
A. In order that fractions mav be added or subtracted, they
must be simple fractions, and have a common denominator.
Hence —
Complex and compound fractions must be reduced to simple
fractions, and simple fractions to a common denominator, before
they can be added or subtracted.
1. What is the sum of | of | + |f 4- i + j^.
Solution. — Reducing the compound and complex fractions to sim-
pie ones, we have, |. of | = f, and— = |. Hence, the problem be--
comes § -f- -| -f" t 4" tV Selecting 24 as the common denominator,
and reducing the fractions to twenty-fourths, as explained in Lesson
LVL, gives t + 1 4- § 4- ^7_ _ 16 + |o ^. .1 5 +_ 14 _2 ij.
2. What is the value of t^ — M of U ?
5^
Abbreviated Solution. — Keducing the given fractions to simple ones
and then to a common denominator, we have,— i — JLg. of 11 = |1 —
cj 2^ lo 24
2¥ — 2i
3. Add the fractions in each of the examples under C, Lesson
LVI.
4. Find the difference of the fractions in the second, third,
fourth, and fifth examples under C, Lesson LVI.
156 colburm's first part.
5. In each example following tlie fifth under C, Lesson LVI..
subtract the last fraction from the sum of the others.
6. l+t? 21. l+i + l?
7. 2i + 3i? 22. f+4 + i?'
8. 3J + 4|? 23. ^ 4-15 + 1?
9- 7f + 2§? 24. ^s,+-;,+|4-i?
10. 4|-4-7i? 25. iofj + l?
11. 5i+4§? 26. |of,?, + -t|?
12. G J — 2t ? 27. 3i + 8 J — 6/^ ?
13. 7i — 2J? ^ 28. 4|+ 64—7^3?
14. 5J+3i? * 29. |of|4 + |ofJ?
15. 85-8}? 80. £i+|ofj?,?
H
16. 0J-8|? 81. §+ll+i?
"7
17.
4i — 2f? 82. 1* , ?f , ?i?
^ 3 + 6i + 5
18. 5« + 2§? 33. 2of«of|i+4?
19. 7i-4i? 84. 8i + 34 + 7J?
20. 9i + 6J? 35. ?i + |of|?
^5
B. 1. Rufus bought a slate for J of a dollar, a writing book
for J of a dollar, a geography for J of a dollar, and an atlas for
J, of a dollar. What was the cost of the whole ?
2. Edward spends IJ hours each day in studying history, 1|
hours in studying geograj^hy, and 1|- hours in studying grammar.
How many hours does he spend in studying all these branches ?
3. A man bought a large pine-apple and gave J of it to Sarah,
\ of it to Jane, ^^ of it to Susan, JL of it to Maria, and the rest
to Emma. What part of it did he give to Emma?
4. I spent I of my money for land, j\ of it for buildings, and
put the rest at interest. What part of it did I put at interest?
LESSON FIFTY-SEVENTH. 157
5. I bought an umbrella for $lf, and a pair of shoes for $2|.
How much did both cost ? How much more did the shoes cost
than the umbrella ?
6. A farmer sold 6J tons of hay, and then had 8| tons left.
How many tons had he at first ?
7. A man walked from Dedham to Boston, a distance of 10
miles, in 3 hours. He walked 2| miles the first hour, and 3y'^j
miles the second. How far did he walk in the third hour ?
8. Mr. Wheelock bought a book for $1|, and a ream of paper
for $2|, giving in payment a five-dollar bill. How much money
ought he to receive back ?
9. Mr. Nichols's orchard contains 3f acres, and his house-lot
contains | of an acre. How many acres do both contain, and how
many more acres are there in his orchard than in his house-lot ?
10. Mr. Turner bought 4 loads of hay. The first weighed J
of a ton, the second weighed i of a ton, the third weighed ^ of a
ton, and the fourth weighed f of a ton. What did they all
weigh ?
11. I bought I of a yard of silk velvet at $7 per yard, and j
of a yard of satin at $6 per yard. What did both cost ?
12. I sold 7 barrels of apples at $2J per barrel, receiving in
payment 4 yards of cloth at $3g per yard, and the rest in money.
How much money did I receive ?
13. Thil^morning I had $10i, but I have since paid away
$6/^. How much have I left ?
14. A farmer gathered 7i barrels of russets, 8| barrels of pip-
pins, 6-| barrels of greenings, and 9 J barrels of sweetings. How
many barrels did he gather in all ?
15. Arthur, Richard, and Edwin were talking about their mo-
ney. Arthur said that he had $4f <' Then," said Richard, " I
have $2-5- more than you have." Edwin thought a moment, and
14~ '^
168 colburn's first part.
then said, " If I had $3 J more than I now have, I should have as
macn as both of you together. Hov?- many did Richard have ?
How many did Edwin have ?
16. Rufus spent i of his money for writing paper, J of it for
pens, and the rest, which was 4 cents, for a pencil. What part
of his money did he spend for a pencil ? How many cents did he
spend in all, and how many for each article ?
17. A farmer has i of his sheep in one pasture, | of them in
another, and the rest, 6 sheep, in another. How many has he in
all, and how many in each pasture ?
18. Benjamin being asked his age, replied, <*I have spent j^^
of my life in Brooklyn, J of it in New York, ^ of it in Baltimore,
and the rest, 6 years, in Cincinnati. What was his age ?
19. A drover says that if he sells J of his sheep to one man,
and J of them to another, he shall sell 6 more to the first man
than to the second. How many sheep has he ?
20. James and George were talking about their ages. James
said that i of his age exceeded J of it by li years ; to which
George replied, ** Then you are only | as old as I am.'* What
was the age of each boy ?
21. 3i times a certain number exceeds 2 times the number by
12. What is the number ?
22. If I could sell my cow for 13 dollars more than 3 times
what she cost me, I should receive $100 for her. How^'much did
she cost me ?
23. There is an orchard in which | of the trees bear peaches,
J bear cherries, J bear apples, and the rest bear pears. Now, if
there are 7 more apple trees than peach trees, how many trees
are there in the orchard, and how many of each kind ?
24. Mr. Jones and Mr. French traded in company. Mr. Jones
put in $3 as often as Mr. French put in $4. When they. came
LESSON FIFTY-EIGHTH. 159
to divide the gain, it was found that Mr. French's share was $8
more than Mr. Jones's. How much did they gain, and what was
the share of each?
LESSON LVIII.
A. 1. Of what denominations is the number 427
composed ?
Ans. — The number 427 is composed of 4 hundreds, 2 tens, and
7 units.
In the same way tell of what denominations each
of the following numbers is composed : —
2. 678. 5. 5276. 8. 2008.
3.
982.
6.
3028.
9.
3254.
4.
201.
7.
1406.
10.
6897.
11. Explain the use of the figures of the above
numbers, as in the following —
Model. — In 427, the 7 marks the units* place, and shows that
there are 7 units ; tjfie 2 marks the tens' place, and shows that
there are 2 tens ; the 4 marks the hundreds' place, and shows that
there are 4 hundreds.
12. Kjive the value of each figure of the above
numbers, as in the following —
Model. — In 427, the 7 = 7 units ; the 2 = 2 tens, or 20
units ; the 4 = 4 hundreds, or 40 tens, or 400 units.
B The foregoing illustrations show that —
The value of each figure is ten times the value it would have if it
stood one place farther to the right, and one-tenth of the value it would
have if it stood one place farther to the left.
160 colburn's first part.
==1
1. Compare the values expressed by the 2's of 222.
Ans. — The first, or right hand 2, expresses ^-^ the value of the
second 2, and y|^ the value of the third 2 ; the second, or middle
2, expresses 10 times the value of the first 2, and Jg- the value
of the third ; the third, or left-hand 2, expresses 10 times the
value of the second 2, and 100 times the value of the first.
Compare in the same way the figures of each of
the following numbers: —
2. 333. 5. 5555. 8. 808.
3.
111.
6.
9909.
9.
7777
4.
444.
7.
6006.
10.
2202
C. Marking the places by a period, or decimal point (see
Lesson XXII., C), we may make new places at the right of the
point, by calling the first tenths, the second hundredths, the third
thousandths, &c.
Thus: 42.37 = 4 tens, 2 units, 3 tenths, and 7 hundredths;
.348 = 3 tenths, 4 hundredths, and 8 thousandths.
Name the denominations of the figures of the fol-
lowing numbers : —
1.
23.47
4.
1.46
7.
4.596
10.
2.7
2.
6.825
5.
.008
8.
1.037
11.
4.06
3.
.3698
6.
.06
9.
.027
12.
30.03
D. Such numbers are read by first reading the figures at the
left of the point, as though they stood alone, — and then reading the
figures at the right of the point, as though they stood alone^ naming
afterwards the denomination of the right-hand figure.
Illustrations. — 42.37 = 42 and 37 one-hundredths = 42-^-^^.
.348 = 348 thousandths = /_48^, &c.
LESSON FIFTY-EIGHTH. 161
In the^same way, read each of the numbers under C.
Numbers expressed by figures written both at the right and
the left of the point, were, in the above form, read as mixed
numbers. They may, with equal propriety, be read as improper
fractions.
Illustrations.— 42.37 = 42-^^^= \2_3^7 . 5.5 ,_, 5.^^ _ |.j^ &c.
Read each number under C, which is greater than 1, as an
improper fraction.
E. 1. K the decimal point of any number be remored one place
farther towards the right, or, which is the same thing, the figures
be removed one place towards the left, each figure will represent
10 times as large a value as before ; while if the point be removed
one place farther towards the left, or, which is the same thing, the
figures be removed one place toward the right, each figure will
represent one-tenth as large a value as before.
2. A similar change of two places, would multiply or divide a
number by 100, — of three places, by 1000, &c., &;c.
3. Hence — To multiply a number by 10, it is only necessary to
remove the point one place farther towards the right; to multiply by
100, remove it two places, ^c, Sfc.
4. So, to divide a number by 10, remove the point one place towards
the left; to divide by 100, remove ii two places, ^c, ^'c.
5. If there are not figures enough at the right or left of the point
to make these changes, annex or prefix zeroes to make up the deficiency.
Illustrations.
46 X 10 = 460 46 -r 10 = 4.6
3.7 X 10 = 37 4 -. 10 = .4
5.86 X 10 = 58.6 067 -r 10 = .0067
234 X 100 = 23400 634 -^ 100 = 5.34
67.8 X 100 = 5780 .8& -r 100 == .0085
6.294 X 100 = 629.4 6.9 ~ 100 = .069
14* L
162 colburn's first part.
Multiply each of the following numbers by 10 : —
1. 84 4. 6.24 7. 2847 10. 8246
2. 5.6 6. 63.7 8. 54.09 11. .9374
3. .63 6. 286 9. 3.275 12. 23.16
13. Multiply each of the above numbers by 100, and then by
1000.
14. Divide each of the above numbers by 10, then by 100,
then by 1000.
15. Find ^>g. of each of the above numbers, then ji^, then
F. 1. What is .03 of 145.6 ?
Solution.— Since .03 of a number equals 3 times ^J.^ of that num-
ber, it may be found by removing the point two places further towards
the left and multiplying by 3, which would give .03 of 145.6 = 3 times
1.456 = 4.368.
Note.— Probably it will be better to have the pupil perform most
of these questions on
his slate.
2. .4 of 6.8?
6. .07 of 5.6?
10.
.003 of 279?
3. .05 of 27?
7. .02 of 176?
11.
.004 of 8.27?
4. .3 of 56?
8. .2 of .06?
12.
1.2 of 43?
5. 1.3 of 6.7?
9. .25 of 183?
13.
1.42 of .687?
G. 1. What IS the quotient of 4.8 -^ .006?
Since the quotient of a number divided by .006 equals (Lesson LV.)
J of 1000 times that number, it may be found by removing the point
three places toward *he right and dividing by 6, which would give
4.8 -f- .006 = h of 4800 = 800.
2. 4.25 — 5? 6. 32 -r .008? 10. .325 — 25?
3* 25 ~ .05 ? 7. 2.76 ~ 1.2 ? H. 36 -^ .006 ?
4. .06 -^ .006 ? 8.^ 2.76 -^ .12? 12. 49 -^ 4.9 ?
5, .0144 -f- .12? 9. 2.76-^. .012? 13. 37 -r .037 ?
LESSON FIFTY-EIGHTH. 163
H. The term per cent is often used in place of one hun-
dredths.
Thus, 6 per cent = .06, or y J^ ; 9 per cent = .09, or yf,,
&c., &c.
1. I gathered 43 bushels of apples, receiving 12 per cent of
them for my labor. How many bushels did I receive ?
2. I bought a sleigh for $16.20, and paid a sum equal to 8 per
cent of the cost for having it repaired. How much did 1 pay for
having it repaired ?
3. A man who had 87 bushels of apples, sold .7 of them and
kept the rest. How many bushels did he sell ? How many did
he keep ?
4. A father left, at his death, 97 acres of land, to be so divided
that his widow should have .4 of it, his oldest son .3, his youngest
son .2, and his daughter the rest. "What was the share of each ?
5. George received 9 per cent of $144, and William received 6
per cent of $216. Which received the most?
6. A trader bought a lot of goods for $36, and sold them so as
to gain 10 per cent of the cost. What was his gain, and for how
much did he sell them ?
7. Bought goods for $300, and sold them so as to gain 15 per
cent. What was my gain ?
8. I gave $28.60 for a lot of goods, but I was obliged to sell
them so as to lose 8 per cent. How many dollars did I lose, and
for how many dollars did I sell them ?
9. IMr. Brown bought a horse for $150, and sold him at an
advance, or gain, of 12 per cent. What was his gain?
10. I bought a carriage for $175, and, after paying 12 per
cent of the cost for repairing it, I sold it for $225. Did I gain
or lose, and how much ?
164 COLBURN*S FIRST PART.
J. The money which men charge for their services in buying
or selling goods for others, is called commission, and is usually a
certain per cent of the cost of the goods bought, and of the
money received for those sold.
1. Mr. Clarke sold a lot of goods for Mr. Davis for $500, at a
commission of 3 per cent. What did his commission amount to,
and how much money would be left for Mr. Davis ?
2. I sold a lot of goods for $250, at a commission of 4 per cent.
What did my commission amount to, and what would be left for
the owner of the goods ?
3. A commission merchant sold 85 barrels of flour, at $8 per
barrel, receiving a commission of 2 per cent. What was his com-
mission ?
4. I bought $860 worth of cloth for Mr. Arnold, charging him
a commission of 2 per cent. What was my commission, and what
ought Mr. Arnold to pay me for the cloth and my commission ?
6. George bought a jack-knife for James for 75 cents, charging
a commission of 8 per cent. How much ought James to pay for
the knife and George's commission ?
6. Mr. Greene bought a lot of shoes for Mr. Gardner, for which
he paid $120, and charged 3J per cent commission. What
ought Mr. Gardner to pay for the shoes and Mr. Greene's com-
mission?
7. By selling a horse for 20 per cent more than he cost, I
gained $80. What did he cost, and for how much did I sell him ?
Suggestion. — The given per cent can often be reduced to lower
terms. Thus, 20 per cent. = -.?« = -l ; 16§ per cent = 151 -= |, «5;c.
8. By selling a lot of merchandise at an advance of 12 J per
cent, I gained $9.50. What did it cost me, and for how much
did I sell it ?
9. My commission of 3 per cent for selling a lot of goods was
$15. For how much did I sell them ?
LESSON i^IFTY-NINTH. 165
10. I lost 25 per cent of the cost of a horse by selling him for
$120. What per cent of his cost did I receive ? How many dol-
lars did he cost me ? How many dollars did I lose ?
11. I gained 16f per cent of the cost of a horse by selling him
for $140. What was his cost, and how many dollars did I gain?
12. By selling some cloth at 24 cents per yard, I should gain 5
per cent more than 1 should by selling it at 28 cents per yard.
What was its cost ?
13. By selling cloth at 12 J cents per yard, I gain 25 per cent.
For how much should I sell it to gain 50 per cent ?
LESSON LIX.
A. 1. If I should have the use of another man's horse for a
day, or a week, I ought to pay for it ; or if I should occupy a
house or a store belonging to another, I ought to pay rent for the
use of it. In like manner, if I should borrow a sum of money, I
ought to pay for the use of it.
2. Money thus paid for the use of money, is called Interest.
8. The money lent or used is called the Principal, and the
principal and interest together, form the amount.
Illustrations. — If I should pay $3 for the privilego of using $100
for six months, the $3 would be the interest of the $100 for 6 months ;
tho $100 would be the principal, and $100 + $3, or $103, would be
the amount.
4. The interest is usually a certain number of one hundredths
of the principal for each year it is used. This number of one
hundredths is called the Rate per cent, or simply the Rate.
Illustration. — If a man is to pay a sum equal to -^ - of the prin-
cipal for each year he uses it, the rate is 6 per cent.
6. In computing interest, a month is reckoned at 30 days.
166 colburn's first part.
B. 1. What is the interest of $8 for 2 years 9
mo., at 4 per cent. ?
Solution. — At 4 per cent per year, the interest for 2 yr. 9 mo., or
2| years, must be 2| times 4 per cent, or 11 per cent, of the principal.
11 per cent of $8 = 11 times 8 cents = 88 cents, or $.88 = the
answer.
What is tne interest —
2. Of $7 for 2 jr., at 6 per cent ?
3. Of $9 for 3 yr., at 5 per cent ?
4. Of $18 for 6 mo., at 6 per cent?
5. Of $248 for 4 mo., at 6 per cent?
6. Of $43.21 for 1 yr. 10 mo. at 6 per cent ?
7. Of $52.30 for 2 yr. 6 mo., at 4 per cent?
8. Of $132 for 1 yr., at 7 per cent?
9. Of $937 for 8 mo., at 6 per cent ?
10. Of $42.73 for 2 yr., at 4 J per cent?
11. Of $23.17 for 1 mo., at 6 per cent?
12. Of $24.36 for 9 mo., at 8 per cent?
13. Of $53.27 for 1 yr. 4 mo., at 6 per cent?
C. Interest is more frequently reckoned at 6 per cent per
year, than at any other rate. Hence, in all the following exam-
ples and explanations, interest should be reckoned at 6 per cent,
unless otherwise stated.
2 months being J of a year, interest for 2 months at 6 per cent,
must equal J of 6 per cent, or 1 per cent of the principal, which
may be found by removing the decimal point 2 places to the left,
and is as many cents as there are dollars in the principal.
At 6 per cent per year, what is the interest for
2 months of —
1. $37? 4. $657? 7. $85.75?
2. $58? 5. $938?- 8. $123.79?
3. $49? 6. $8238? 9. $437.28?
LESSON FIFTY-NINTH. 167
10. What is the amount of each of the above ?
J). Interest for 2 months being 1 per cent of the principal,
interest for 100 times 2 months, or 200 months, or 1(5 years 8
months, must be 100 per cent of the principal, which is the prin-
cipal itself.
From this we compute the following table : —
At 6 per cent per year, interest for —
200 mo., or 16 yr. 8 mo. = principal.
J of 200 mo., or 8 yr. 4 mo. = J of prin.
J of 200 mo., or 66f mo., or 5 yr. (5 mo. 20 da. = J of prin.
J of 200 mo., or 50 mo., or 4 yr. 2 mo. = J of prin.
"" ^ of 200 mo., or 40 mo., or 3 yr. 4 mo. = J of prin.
J of 200 mo., or 33J mo., or 2 yr. 9 mo. 10 da. = J of prin.
J of 200 mo., or 25 mo., or 2 yr. 1 mo. = J of prin.
^i_. of 200 mo., or 20 mo., or 1 yr. 8 mo. = -yL. of prin.
jL of 200 mo., or 16f mo., or 1 yr. 4 mo. 20 da. == -^L of prin.
j^-g of 200 mo., or 13 J mo., or 1 yr., 1 mo. 10 da. = y^ of prin,
j^ of 200 mo., or 12i mo., or 1 yr. 15 da. = ^'^ of prin.
1, What is the interest of $60 for each time men-
tioned in the table ?
^n*. — The interest of $60 for 200 mo., or 16 yr. 8 mo. =
$60; for 100 mo., or 8 yr. 4 mo. — ^ of $60 = $30; for 66|
mo., or 5 yr. 6 mo. 20 da. = J of $60 = $20, &c., &c.
2. What is the interest of $36 for each time men-
tioned in the table ? 3. Of $48.72 ?
What is the interest of —
4. $40 for 100 mo. ? 6. $64 for 4 yr. 2 mo. ?
5. $48 for 12i mo. ? 7. $24.60 for 5 yr. 6 mo. 20 da. ?
168 colburn's first part.
$66 for 16§ mo. ? 16, $16.64 for 1 yr. 15 da. ?
$24.36 for 66§ mo. ? 17. $25.75 for 3 yr. 4 mo. ?
$16.98 for 25 mo. ? 18. $44.36 for 1 yr. 8 mo. ?
$84.60 for 20 mo. ? 19. $16.24 for 8 yr. 4 mo. ?
$42 for 50 mo. ? 20. $44 for 2 yr. 1 mo. ?
$37 for 40 mo. ? 21. $60.45 for 1 yr. 1 rao. 10 da. :
$54.72 for 33J mo. ? 22. $43.78 for 16 yr. 8 mo. ?
$75.15 for 13 J mo. ? 23. $75 for 2 yr. 9 mo. 10 da. ?
24. What is the amount of each of the ahove ?
E. The interest for 20 mo., or 1 yr. 8rao., being -jJ^ of the
principal, may be found by removing the decimal point 1 place
to the left, and is as many dimes as there are dollars in the
principal.
Hence the interest for —
J of 20 mo., or 10 mo., = ^ of ^^ of principal.
J of 20 mo., or 6f mo., or 6 mo. 20 da. = J of ^ of prin.
J of 20 mo., or 6 mo. = J of -J^ of prin.
J of 20 mo., or 4 mo. = J of y'^ of prin.
J of 20 mo., or 3 J mo., or 3 mo. 10 da. = J of ^^ of prin.
i of 20 mo., or 2J mo., or 2 mo. 15 da. = J of ^^ of prin.
jJL of 20 mo., or If mo., or 1 mo. 20 da. = ^'^ of -j'^ of prin.
j^ of 20 mo., or IJ mo., or 1 mo. 10 da. = -jJ^ of ^^ of prin.
1. What is the interest of $24 for each time men-
tioned in the table ?
Ans.— The interest of $24 for 10 mo. = J^ of $2.40 = $1.20 ;
for 6| mo., or 6 mo. 20 da. = J of $2.40 = $.80, &c.
2. What is the interest of $120 for each time
LESSON FIFTY-NINTH. 169
mentioned in the table? 3. Of $7.50? 4. Of
$4.86?
What is the interest of —
5. $72 for 2 J mo, ? 12. $483.60 for 1 mo. 20 da. ?
6. $60 for I J mo. ? 13. $27 for 5 mo. ?
7. $486 for If mo. ? 14. $7.50 for 2 mo. 15 da. ?
8. $15 for 10 mo. ? 15. $74.10 for 3 mo. 10 da. ?
9. $2.40 for 6f mo. ? 16. $55 for 1 mo 10 da. ?
10. $64.50 for 4 mo. ? 17. $1.86 for 6 mo. 20 da. ?
11. $36.60 for 3J mo. ? 18. $54.20 for 4 mo. ?
19. What is the amount of each of the above?
F. The interest for 2 months, or 60 days, "being ^-J^ of the
principal, it follows that the interest for —
J of 2 mo., or 1 mo., or 30 da. = J of jj^ of the principal.
J of 2 mo., or 20 da. = J of ^^^ of the prin.
J of 2 mo., or 15 da. = J of -j-i.^ of the prin.
J of 2 mo., or 12 da. = J of y|^ of the prin.
J of 2 mo., or 10 da. = J of y^^ of the prin.
J^ of 2 mo., or 6 da. = ^^ of j^^ or y^i^^ of the prin.
-jL of 2 mo., or 5 da. = ^^ of j.}^ of the prin.
J of 6 da., or 3 da. = J of y^*j^ of the prin.
J of 6 da., or 2 da. = J of y^J^^ of the prin.
I of 6 da., or 1 da. = J of y^^^^^ of the prin.
1. What is the interest of $432 for each time
mentioned in table ?
Solution.— The interest of $432 for 2 mo. is $4.32; for 1 mo. is I
of $4.32, which is $2.16, &c., &c., * * * for 6 days, is $.432; for 3
(lays is h of $.432, which is $.216, &c, &c.
_
170 colburn's first part.
2. What is the interest of $360 for each time
mentioned in the table ? 3. Of $60.30 ?
What is the interest of —
4. $42 for 20 da. ? 9. $192 for 5 da. ?
6. $36.24 for 15 da. ? 10. $43.50 for 12 da. t
6. $48 for 10 da. ? 11. $86.37 for 30 da.
7. $89 for 6 da. ? 12. $228 for 1 da. ?
8. $174 for 3 da. ? 13. $234 for 2 da. ?
14. What is the amount of each of the above ?
G. The foregoing principles furnish short and expeditious
methods of computing interest for any time whatever.
1. What is the interest of $72.60 for 8 mo. 20 da.?
1st Solution. — 8 mo. 20 da. = 6 mo. 20 da. -f- 2 mo. The interest
of $72.60 for 6 mo. 20 da. = i of $7.26 = $2.42, and the interest for
2 mo. = $.726, which, added to $2.42 = $3,146 = Ans.
2d Solution. — 8 mo. 20 da. == 10 mo. — 1 mo. 10 da. The interest
$72.60 for 10 mo. = i of $7.26 = $3.63, and the interest for 1 mo. 10
da. = ^ij of $7.26 = $.484, which, subtracted from $3.63 = $3,146
= Ans.
3d Solution. — 8 mo. 20 da. = 8 mo. -f- 20 da. The interest of
$72.60 for 8 mo. or 4 times 2 mo. = 4 per cent of $72.60 = $2,904,
and the interest for 20 da. = J of $.726 = $.242, which, added to
$2,904 = $3,146 = Ans.
The work can be wi'itten as follows: —
1st Solution. 2d Solution.
$72.60 =prin. $72.60 = prin.
2A2 = int. 6 mo. 20 da. 3.63 = int. 10 mo.
.726 = int. 2 mo. .484 = int. 1 mo. 10 da.
$3,146 = int. 8 mo. 20 da. $3,146 = int. 8 mo. 20 da.
The form for the third solution would be similar to these.
LESSON FIFTY-NINTH. 171
What is the interest of —
2. $90 for 3 mo. 16 da. ? 11. $54.24 for 7 mo. 15 da. ?
3 $128 for 22 mo. 15 da. ? 12. $150 for 35 mo. 10 da. ?
4 $64 for 2 mo. 10 da.? 13. $184 for 2 yr. 3 mo. ?
5. $32 for 5 mo. 15 da. ? 14. $96 for 52 mo. 15 da. ?
6. $120.90 for 3 mo. 20 da.? 15. $186.60 for 7 mo. ?
7. $88.24 for 5 mo. 6 da.? 16. $28.16 for 2 yr. 6 mo. ?
8. $72.96 for 1 mo. 26 da. ? 17. $384 for 19 mo. 27 da.?
9. $500 for 9 mo. 24 da. ? 18. $30.24 for 6 mo. 17 da.?
10. $1000 for 3 mo. 29 da. ? 19. $450.36 for 3 mo. 15 da. ?
H. Business men often use such methods as the following in
connexion with those already explained : —
At 6 per cent, per year the interest of $2 for 1 month is 1 cent.
Hence —
The interest of $2 is 1 cent per month.
The interest of $20 is 1 dime per month.
The interest of $200 is 1 dollar per month.
1. What is the interest of $2 for each of the fol-
lowing times ?
3mo. ?
2 yr. 3 mo. ?
15J mo. ?
9 mo. ?
1 yr. 5 mo. ?
4 mo. 10 da. ?
15 mo. ?
2 yr. IJ mo. ?
2 yr. 7 mo. ?
What is the interest for each of the above times
of —
2. $1? 6. $5? 10. $500?
3. $6? 7. $10? 11. $14?
4. $8? 8. $200? 12. $80?
5. $20? 9. $50? 13. $800?
172 colburn's first part.
At 6 per cent, per year —
The interest o/ $6 is 1 mill per day.
The interest of $60 is 1 cent per day.
The interest o/$600 is 1 dime per day.
The ifiterest of $6000 is 1 dollar per day.
What is the interest of $6 for each of the fol-
lowing times ?
3 da. ? 1 mo. 3 da., or S3 da. ? 3 mo. 6 da. ?
7 da. ? 1 mo. 17 da. ? 6 mo. 12 da. ?
19 da. ? 2 mo. 25 da. ? 4 mo. 9 da.?
What is the interest for each of the above times
of —
1. $60?
5.
$600?
9.
$6000?
2. $30 ?
6.
$300?
10.
$1000?
3. $20?
7.
$150?
11.
$1500?
4. $120?
8.
$1800?
12.
$500?
LESSON LX.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS.
1. 7 times 8, plus 4, divided by 5, multiplied by 3, minus 4,
minus 8, divided by 2, divided by 3, multiplied by 9, multiplied
by 2 = how many times ?
2. Multiply J of 18 by J of 8, add J of 27, divide by J of 28,
add ^j of 33, and square the number.
3. If I of a yard of cloth worth 14 cents per yard, are given
for § of a pound of chocolate, how many pounds of coffee at 12
cents per pound should be given for 3J pounds of chocolate ?
LESSON SIXTIETH. 173
4. If I should expend the sum of $9 + $8 + $5 + $9 + $4
-|- $7 for flour at $7 per barrel, and sell the flour at $8 per
barrel, then expend the proceeds for cloth at $3 per yard, and
sell the cloth for $4 per yard, and then, after spending $10, and
losing $6, should expend the remainder for tea at the rate of 3
pounds for $2, how many pounds of tea should I buy ?
5. Find the cost of 1| lb. coffee at 16 cents per lb., 2i lb.
raisins at 8 cents per lb., 2| lb. figs at 15 cents per lb., 4 J lb.
sugar at 9 cents per lb., 1| lb. tea at 40 cents per lb., and J lb.
cotton at 32 cents per lb. Make out a bill on the supposition
that you sold the above articles to one of your school-mates.
6. What must be the length of the side of a square field con-
taining J^ as many square rods as a field 9 rods long and 8 rods
wide?
7. Arthur sold a certain number of apples at the rate of 2 for
a cent, and Robert sold as many at the rate of 3 for a cent.
Arthur received 12 cents more than Robert. How many apples
did each sell ?
8. A thief drew J of the wine out of a certain cask, and, to
escape detection, filled it with water. The next night he drew
out J of the contents of the cask, and again filled it with water.
How many gills of wine will there now be in each gallon of the
mixture ?
9. 2i times a certain number added to ^ of that number is 5^
less than 3 times the number. What is the number ?
10. A lady being asked her age, replied, <' My father is 30
years older than my sister Sarah, and 8J times the difference
between their ages is 5 times my father's age. Now, if you will
tell how old my father and sister are, I will tell you how to find
my age ? " A correct answer having been given, the lady said,
" To 3 times my father's age, add 6 times my sister's age, and
174 colburn's first part.
you will obtain a sum J of which is 9 yeai s more than 4^ times
my age ?" What was the age of each ?
11. A teacher wishing to obtain a bU.<;V board 15 ft. long and
6 ft. wide, bought boards for the purpose at 2i cents per square
foot. He hired a carpenter to make it, paying him 75 cents for
his work. He paid 11 cents per square yard to have it painted
and varnished, and it cost 25 cents to have it brought to the
school-room and put up. What was the whole cost ?
12. My parlor and sitting-room are each 5 yards wide, but
my parlor is 2 yards longer than my sitting-room. Yhe floor of
my sitting-room contains 30 square yards. What is the length
of my parlor floor, and how many square yards does it contain ?
13. David said to Harry, ** If i the sum of our ages be added
to i of your age, the same will equal | of my age, and I am 12
years older than you are. What was the age of each of the
boys?
14. Mr. Warren bought a cask of oil at $1.20 per gallon, but I
of it leaked out. For how much per gallon must he sell the rest
so as neither to gain nor lose ?
15. Mr. Allen owes Mr. Mason 62 cents, and the only coins
he has are 1 half-dollar, 1 quarter-dollar, 1 half-dime, and 2
three-cent pieces, while the only coins Mr. Mason has are 4 half-
dollars, 5 dimes, and 2 cents. How can change be made so that
the debt may be paid with these coins ?
16. What number added to J of itself equals 36 more than i
of the number ?
17. A man sold 6 barrels of apples and 2 barrels of pears for
$23, receiving twice as much per barrel for th,e pears as for the
apples. IIow many dollars did he receive for each ?
18. By selling cloth at $3.50 per yard, I lose 12i per cent of
its cost. How many dollars should I lose on each yard by selling
it at S3 per yard?
LESSON SIXTIETH. 175
19. I sold i of a lot of grain for what | of it cost, thereby
gaining $16.. How much did the entire lot cost me ?
20. A. and B. traded in company. A. put in $360, and B.
put in § of J of I of 42 times i as much as A. They gained a
a sum equal to f of their joint stock. How much did they gain,
and what was the share of each ?
21. If Mr. Walton's blackboard were 2 ft. wider than it now
is, it would contain 26 more square feet, but if it were 2 feet
longer, it would contain 11 more square feet. How many square
feet does it contain ?
22. George has money enough to buy 2^ quarts of chestnuts,
Rufus has twice as much as George, and Edward has J as much
as Rufus. They all have 57 cents. How much are the chestnuts
worth per quart, and how many cents has each of the boys ?
23. The interest of Mr. Butler's money for 5 yr. 6 mo. 20 da.,
at 6 per cent, will equal $8000. How much money has he ?
24. If a pound of rice is worth f as much as a pound of sugar,
and 6 lb. of rice and 10 lb. of sugar are worth $1.26, how much
are 5 lb. of rice and 7 lb. of sugar worth ?
26. Why is it that if we multiply any number whatever by 3,
add 7 to the product, add the first number taken to this, add 9 to
this, divide this by 4, add 3 to this, and then subtract from this
the first number taken, the result will always be 7 ?
26. By selling cloth at $1.25 per yard, I lose 16| per cent.
For how much per yard must I sell it to gain 20 per cent ?
27. There are f as many acres in my orchard as there are in
my pasture, and J as many in my garden as in my orchard. If
there are 17 acres in all, how many are there in each lot?
28. I bought a lot of goods for $600, and after keeping them
1 month 17 days, I sold them for $650. Now, allowing that I
had to pay interest on the money invested, at the rate of 6 per
cent, what was my net gain ?
176 colburn's first part.
29. A man bought a cask of wine, but § of it leaked out. He
put in as much water as there was wine remaining, and sold the
mixture at the same price per gallon that he gave for it. What
part of the cost did he lose ?
30. After paying $3 more than ^ of my money to one man, and
§G more than i of what I had left to another, I had $7 left. How
much did I have at first ?
31. I sold 10 bushels of corn for Mr. Austin, and 8 bushels
for Mr. Brown, receiving $11 for the lot. Now, allowing that
Mr. Austin's corn is worth 20 per cent more per bushel than Mr.
Brown's, and that I am to receive $1 for my services, how much
money ought I to pay to each ?
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VALUABLE SCHOOL BOOKS.
WARREN'S SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES.
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These three bo'ks form a complete geographical course,
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This val-jal/ie scries of school books was prepared by Prof.
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they are in general use as text-books in the higher order of
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JBER>ilFS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
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