Sherbornia
An Open-Access Journal of Bibliographic
and Nomenclatural Research in Zoology
ISSN 2373-7697 [online)
Volume 5[3): 167-202
Date of Publication:
17 December 2019
Edward Griffith's “Animal Kingdom" (1824-1835): revised dates of
publication and analysis of volumes, with special reference to the
Mammalia and Aves based on wrapper contents
Neal L. Evenhuis
Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USA; email: NealE@bishopmuseum.org
Abstract
Study of the publication history and methods of issuance of Edward Griffith's Animal Kingdom
was conducted and results presented. Earliest known dates of publication are given for the 44
parts comprising the work, which was published from 1824 to 1835. These dates revise the dates
given by Cowan in 1969, many of which were estimated or preliminary. Contents, pages, and as¬
sociation of plates with parts (if known) are presented. Copies with wrappers and contents intact
allowed a detailed analysis of the original issuance of plates and pagination (before binding) of
the some of the Mammalia parts and all of the Aves parts, which is presented.
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C44A3AA9-A226-4042-AF01-8AF284DlB73F
Introduction
The English translation of both editions of Cu¬
vier's Le Regne Animal by Edward Griffith [herein
referred to as "Animal Kingdom” (Fig. 1) see
below for various full titles] was published in
parts from 1824 to 1835 and comprised 16 vol¬
umes (the last volume being devoted to an index
and overall taxonomic synopsis]. The original in¬
tent of this work was to issue volumes in quar¬
terly parts, three parts to a volume, and have
volumes for all the major animal groups covered
by Cuvier’s work: Mammalia; Aves; Reptilia;
Pisces; Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida; Mol-
lusca and Radiata; and Insecta. A supplementary
volume (Vol. 11] on vertebrate fossil remains (a
subject not treated by Cuvier in Le Regne Animal
but elsewhere] was added. A total of 44 parts
eventually made up the entire series including
the last index volume.
Due to delays in publication, the advertised
quarterly time period was not always met and
Citing this publication:
pvenhuis, N.L. (2020) Edward Griffith's "AnimalKingdom" (1824-1835):
revised dates of publication and analysis of volumes, with special refer¬
ence to the Mammalia and Aves based on wrapper contents. Sherbornia
5(3): 167-202.
© the Author(s) and this is an open access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY-NC-SA
4.0), which permits the copying, distribution and transmission of the
work as long as the original source is cited.
THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM
ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS
ORGANIZATION,
BY THE BARON CUVIER,
MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OP FRANCE. \c. tcc. icc.
WITH
ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
or
ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO NAMED, AND OF
MANY NOT BEFORE NOTICED,
EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S., A.S.,
CORIIESrOVDIXG MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA, &C.
AND OTItF.RS.
VOLUME THE NINTH.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.
AVE-MARIA.LANE.
MDCCCXXXt.
Figure 1. First title page of volume 9, Reptilia, of the Animal
Kingdom.
http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/dating/sherbornia/index.html
167
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
pagination and plates associated with parts were
not always consistent from part to part. Because
there are new names in both the text and the
plates, and because multiple works using some
of the same names and plates were being pub¬
lished contemporaneously by other authors, dat¬
ing of the text and plates of this work is critical
to establishing priority.
Research was conducted in an attempt to
find the earliest dates of notices of publication
for as many of the 44 parts as possible. Using ex¬
ternal evidence, notices of publication were
found for 43 of the 44 parts. The remaining part
(Part 26 of the Reptilia volume], for which no
evidence has yet been found, is given an inter¬
polated date. Additionally, an attempt was made
to establish the pages of text issued in each part,
either based on wrapper contents when found,
through external sources that gave contents of
parts in reviews, or through examination of col¬
lation and signature marks. Results of this re¬
search are presented below.
Methods
Sources Used for Dating
The following are the various sources used dur¬
ing this study including periodicals, online re¬
sources, bibliographies, reviews, and previous
bibliographic research articles dealing with the
subject. Some volumes of periodicals and news¬
papers were unavailable for examination, so the
results of notices in this study are not exhaus¬
tive, but instead reflect the resources available.
I follow the format of Evenhuis (1997) and
Bousquet (2016) in listing as many sources as
possible that gave dating information for each
part. Some notices may say that a part will be
forthcoming on a certain date. These are not in¬
cluded as a primary dating source but are in¬
cluded and annotated as stating such when a
date has been confirmed from other notices or
for informational purposes to indicate delays in
intended versus actual issuance of an individual
part.
Periodicals and Recording Journals. Periodi¬
cals, primarily deriving from Great Britain and
Ireland, were examined for notices of publica¬
tion, forthcoming publication of issues, or for re¬
views and notices that contained information
on pagination and/or contents. Periodicals out¬
side of Britain and Ireland were also examined
but rarely gave accurate or timely dates of pub¬
lication. For example, Ferussac’s Bulletin des Sci¬
ences (and later Bulletin Zoologique ) presented
three reviews (listed below) that mentioned
contents but otherwise did not give publication
dates earlier than those found in journals pub¬
lished much closer geographically to where the
work itself was published.
The publisher Whittaker had his own peri¬
odical, his Monthly Magazine (sometimes re¬
ferred to in the literature as Whittaker's Monthly
Magazine to disambiguate it from other simi¬
larly titled periodicals), which gave notice of
new publications. It was originally thought
when discovering its existence that it would be
a treasure trove of information on the dating
and publication of this work. However, this
proved not to be true. For one, the publication
was monthly, so advertisements placed in
weekly or other more frequently issued period¬
icals and newspapers would often pre-date no¬
tices in the Monthly Magazine. Additionally, for
unknown reasons, there were many issues in
months during which parts of the Animal King¬
dom were known to have been issued but in
which notices were not made by the publisher.
Whittaker's large number of new titles could
have been one reason (i.e., that the parts being
issued were "just another title"), or subscriber-
ship might have been stable enough for incom¬
ing revenue that no advertising was always
needed to entice new subscribers.
The following are the periodicals examined
during this study for notices of the Animal King¬
dom and their respective abbreviations referred
to in the text: Annals of Philosophy {An. Philos.);
Athenaeum; Bent’s Monthly Literary Advertiser
{Bent’s Mon. Lit. Advert.); British Critic and Quar¬
terly Theological Review {Brit. Crit.); Dublin Lit¬
erary Gazette {Dubl. Lit. Gaz.); Edinburgh
Literary Journal {Edinb. Lit. ].); Edinburgh Re¬
view {Edinb. Rev.); Englishman’s Magazine Ad¬
vertiser {Engl. Mag. Advert.); Gentleman's
Magazine {Gent. Mag.); Journal General de la Li¬
terature Etrangere (/. Gen. Litt.); Kaleidoscope;
Literary Chronicle {Lit. Chron.); Literary Gazette
and Journal {Lit. Gaz. & /.); London Literary
Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sci-
168
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
ences, &c. ( Lond. Lit. Gaz.); London Magazine
(Lond. Mag.)] Magazine of Natural History (Mag.
Nat. Hist.)] Monthly Critical Gazette (Mon. Crit.
Gaz["Whittaker's”] Monthly Magazine (Mon.
Mag.); Monthly Review (Mon. Rev.); New Monthly
Magazine (New Mon. Mag.); Oxford Literary
Gazette (Oxford Lit. Gaz.); Quarterly Literature
Advertiser (Quart. Lit. Advert.); Quarterly Review
(Quart. Rev.); Somerset House Gazette (Somerset
House Gaz.); The Examiner (Examiner); The Met¬
ropolitan; Magazine (Metropolitan); The Scot’s
Magazine (Scot's Mag.); The Spectator (Specta¬
tor); Universal Review, or Chronical of the Liter¬
ature of all Nations (Univ. Rev.); Westminster
Review (Westm. Rev.).
Online search of notices for the work was
conducted on each periodical listed above.
When a notice was found in a particular period¬
ical, as much of the series of that periodical
available online was searched for other notices
of the Animal Kingdom. This methodology was
used for all the periodicals listed above.
Newspapers. Newspapers were an important
part of the publishing process as they reached
many potential buyers, and advertising books
being sold would reach an audience otherwise
missed through targeted notices in recording
journals. Ferdinand (2009: 445) noted that
Whittaker in 1830 had provided testimony to
the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Manage¬
ment of the Post Office, acknowledging that
"there are many persons who would like to buy
the books whom we know nothing of, and, con¬
sequently could not send our lists to, who would
see them in the newspapers". Indeed, newspa¬
pers of the 1820s and 1830s were replete with
notices of publication and publisher’s advertise¬
ments, sometimes taking up more room on a
page than the day’s news. Examination, then, of
newspapers, was conducted in this study in
order to check for any notices by Whittaker of
the issuance of parts of the Animal Kingdom.
Access to online newspaper archives that
have newspapers of the British Isles (newspa-
perarchives.com; newspapers.com) allowed
searches for and examination of scanned copies
of newspapers that had publishers’ advertise¬
ments, notices of publication, or reviews of
parts and volumes. Since the frequency of news¬
paper publishing was usually much greater than
that of many journals (e.g., chiefly on a daily
basis as opposed to weekly or monthly for jour¬
nals), a majority of the earliest publication dates
found in this study derive from these sources.
The following newspapers were examined dur¬
ing this study (abbreviated forms of titles used
in parentheses): The Atlas (Atlas); The Courier
(Courier); Kent & Essex Mercury (Kent & Essex
Merc.); London Age (Lond. Age); London Chroni¬
cle (Lond. Chron.); London Guardian and Public
Ledger (Lond. Guard.); London Herald (Lond.
Herald); London Morning Post (Lond. Morn.
Post); London Observer (Lond. Observ.); London
St. James Chronicle and General Evening Post
(Lond. St. James Chron.); London Standard (Lond.
Stand.); London Star (Lond. Star); London
Weekly Times (Lond. Weekly Times); Morning
Chronicle (Morn. Chron.); Morning Journal
(Morn.J.); New Times (New Times); Sunday Her¬
ald (Sun. Herald); Times London (Times).
Online. The following online resources used
during this study include bibliographic archives,
digitized works held in libraries, search serv¬
ices, and online dating resources. Holdings for
volumes examined are listed after each volume
below: Google Books (GB [source library if
known is given]); Biodiversity Heritage Library
(BHL [source library is given]) Bodleian Library,
Oxford University (Bodleian); Coan & Rabat —
2,400 years of malacology (Coan & Rabat).
Bibliographies. The following bibliographies
were consulted for information on dating, con¬
tents, pagination, and numbers of plates per
part or per volume. Note that listing of the Ani¬
mal Kingdom in a bibliography was sometimes
entered under "Cuvier” because it was an Eng¬
lish translation of Cuvier’s Le Regne Animal:
Anker (1938); Bohn (1864); Bousquet (2016);
Daniels (2004); Engelmann (1846); Evenhuis
(1997); Freeman (1980); Graesse (1861);
Matthews (1925); Musgrave (1932); Pittie
(2010); Sherborn (1922); Smith (1993); Whit-
tell (1954); Zimmer (1926).
Reviews. The following are contemporary re¬
views giving information on contents of parts or
details on plates: Anonymous (1824a, 1824b,
169
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
1825, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832,
1833); Ferussac (1831,1836), Ferussac & Dejean
(1825); Westwood (1835).
Articles. Bibliographic research articles dealing
with the dating of parts of the Animal Kingdom
are few and some merely repeat the previous
work of others. The following were consulted
that had information helpful to the overall dating
and/or production of the work: Cowan (1969a,b,
1971a, 1971b); Evenhuis (1997); Dickinson etal.
(2011); McDunnough (1918); Matthews (1919,
1920); Petit & Coan (2006).
Sources for Contents and Pagination
As many physical and digitized (scanned copies)
were examined as possible to determine con¬
tents and pagination; and also determine method
of issuance and any variations in printings and
publishing process. Only three physical copies of
the complete work have been seen by me: USNM,
BMNH and OXUMNH (for a list of abbreviations,
see below). I personally have a copy of the two-
volume Insecta portion that was bound some¬
time around 1872 (based on advertisements of
books in the waste paper used in binding). The
remainder of copies seen are the various copies
available online, and sets that have been exam¬
ined by others upon request in libraries other¬
wise inaccessible to me.
Terminology Used
Throughout this paper, a number of printing and
bibliographic terms are used to describe the
work and its production. I follow McKerrow
(1928) and Gaskell (1972) in use ofbibliographic
terms and have referred to the more contempo¬
rary (to the work being studied) American Dic¬
tionary of Printing and Bookmaking (Anonymous
1894) to put into context the terminology used
by publishers and booksellers of the 1820s and
1830s when describing the work. Some incorrect
terminology in Evenhuis (1997) and Dickinson
et al. (2011) is corrected and modified here. See
the Appendix for a glossary of terms used in this
paper.
General Abbreviations Used in the Text and
Tables
The following general abbreviations (excluding
those for media used as sources for dating men¬
tioned above) are used throughout this paper:
BMNH = the Natural History Museum, London;
OXUMNH = Oxford University Museum of Natu¬
ral History; USNM = United States National Mu¬
seum of Natural History; 8vo = octavo; in. =
inches; pl(s). = plate(s); p(p). = page(s); Roy. =
Royal; Vol(s). = volume(s); UI = University of Illi¬
nois, Urbana-Champaign.
Background to the Work
There is sparse evidence of how or exactly when
this project was conceived or how it progressed
throughout its 11-year publishing history. Cu¬
vier’s (1816) four-volume he Regne Animal was
an epic work that proved to be the new stan¬
dard for classification of all animals. It was so
highly acclaimed, that a second edition was pub¬
lished (Cuvier 1829-1830). One problem with
both editions, however, was that they contained
few illustrations. Felix Edouard Guerin (after
1835 as Guerin-Meneville) recognized the need
for illustrations to depict the animals discussed
by Cuvier and began his Iconographie du Regne
Animal (Guerin-Meneville 1829-1844), which
was intended to complement Cuvier’s work, by
depicting at least one species of every genus
mentioned by Cuvier. Independently and con¬
currently, biologist Edward Griffith (1790-
1858) realized the need for illustrations as well
as an English translation of Cuvier’s work, and
coordinated authors, translations, and artists
and engravers for plates for his Animal Kingdom.
George Bryom Whittaker (1793-1847) was
contracted to publish the work. The work would
be a faithful English translation of Cuvier's he
Regne Animal, but also include original informa¬
tion and descriptions of new taxa of animals by
the authors and invited specialists. In this fash¬
ion, they would advertise that the Animal King¬
dom as a "complete book of reference" ...
"equally attractive to the scientific and general
reader".
The Publisher
George B. Whittaker, son of the Rev. George
Whittaker, had entered the publishing business
in 1814, interning with Charles Law at his 13
Ave Maria Lane business as Law & Whittaker.
Within a short time, Whittaker obtained the
170
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
business when Law left and (in 1820) the firm
was known as "Whittaker’s". Whittaker's
brother, William Budd Whittaker, joined in
1823, changing the business name to "G. & W.B.
Whittaker” 1 , but keeping the location at Ave
Maria Lane, which was in the same building 2 as
the Stationer’s Worshipful Company where all
published literature in England was legally de¬
posited to protect copyright. Within a decade,
Whittaker had risen to become one of London’s
leading publishers, second only to Longman’s
and Co. in number of titles published per year.
His prominence in business even led to his
being made sheriff of London and Middlesex in
1823.
George Whittaker had made wise invest¬
ments obtaining copyrights of languishing
books and turning sales around, thus accumu¬
lating substantial revenue allowing him to re¬
invest in the publication of various other works.
One of these "other works" was the English
translation of Cuvier’s he Regne Animal. Just the
engraving of the extensive number of colored
plates required for the work would be costly
enough. Topham (2004), gleaning much infor¬
mation from the obituary of Whittaker in the
Gentleman’s Magazine, indicated that Whittaker
had laid out upwards of £7000 just for that.
Whittaker’s publishing business, although
producing a high volume of titles, was not with¬
out its financial difficulties. In 1825, an Ameri¬
can bookseller defrauded Whittaker by forging
his name on bills that amounted to a debt of
£270,000. The amount of the fraud and the dis¬
covery by his creditors of a failed investment in
hops forced Whittaker to put the business
1 Some Mammalia plates have printed at the bottom “Pub¬
lished by G. & W.B. Whittaker” and dates in year 1824
although the plates were bound within volumes with title
pages with “MDCCCXXVII” that had the publisher
printed as “Geo. B. Whittaker”. The business name had
changed between August 1824 (the latest published no¬
tice of a book for sale with “G. & W.B. Whittaker”) and
September 1824 when notices in recording journals
started to appear with “Geo. B. Whittaker”. Wrappers
for the first three Mammalia parts have been seen in this
study and all have “G. & W.B. Whittaker”. It is assumed
(based on dating of the parts) that the change would be
noticed in the wrapper to the fourth part.
2 The National Archives (UK) has documents relating to the
lease of 13, 14, and 15 Ave Maria Lane listing both
Whittaker’s publishing firm and the Stationer’s Worship¬
ful Company as occupying the premises.
ADVERTISEMENTS connected with LITERATURE Ahr& THE ARTS.
as
PAYNE’S STUDIES IN ENGLISH
POETRY,
New ready, pri« Ga. bound in
emboued run,
S tudies m English
POETRY, with Biographical
Slwfclua and Notrfl, explanatory and
critical. By JohIji'ic PjiifjfK. of the
Mansion Grammar School, Lctbcrhc&d,
SojTtJ,
London: Relfc and Flelcher, 17, CornhilL
c
Published Monthly, price or
Stamped, price f»d,
BURTON'S LITERARY
REGISTER. The Literary Regia ter
In lb vola, witli @14 EngraTings,
C UVIER'S ANIMAL KING¬
DOM, Translated by E. GairriTH,
P.A,S. and others.
The Hmrril remaining * toe It reduced to the
following price*
Pcmy flro...„ .d«h, r »G*.
Royaliro.coloumt ....at. IS*, SiG»
Daily MO. linlLi proof .53- 18a. tt ^34,
“Thii truly national work roMalcjf nine
thouaaiH! luge* of Ittferpreiu, rluht hamlred
and foiirtaui nrmvihga, li muipm In iti kind,
and hut u mien on a man uE Lhe lori ty a verr
severe ardent Of c ritieism , 1 f
Whittaker and Co. A to Maria Lane.
IT * 1 nuifi r4nnniP . u .._
Figure 2. Publisher’s advertisement in 1845 (from the
Edinburgh Review ).
under a trusteeship. With the new temporary
management and financial assistance from the
printer Robert Gilbert 3 eventually appeasing his
creditors, by 1828 he was released from his
creditors and continued his business in full
force. It was also at this time (as can be seen
below on the wrappers for the Aves parts), that
Whittaker obtained partners to his publishing
venture and the company changed its title to
Whittaker, Treacher & Co. Amazingly, through¬
out this financial predicament, the production
or timing of issuance of parts of the Animal
Kingdom was unaffected. It is unknown how
sales progressed throughout its printing, but in
1845 an advertisement by Whittaker to sell
stock at discounted prices said "little remained"
(Fig. 2). By 1864, booksellers were still selling
copies, but saying it was "scarce". Slater (1883:
27) was the earliest reference found in this
study to explicitly indicate it was "out-of-print
and scarce".
As noted above, the publishing firm’s name
changed twice: from "G. & W.B. Whittaker” to
"Geo. B. Whittaker” in 1824. A third change, to
"Whittaker, Treacher & Co." in 1829, was when
Whittaker brought well-known publisher
Joseph Treacher, along with William Cumber
Hood and David Gale Arnot, into the business
partnership.
At around the same time, the company in¬
troduced a new sales scheme to increase rev¬
enue and help sell some of the remaining stock.
They initiated a cheaper monthly subscription
in demy octavo and royal octavo and would "re-
3 Robert Gilbert, founder of the printing firm of Gilbert &
Rivington married Whittaker’s only sister, Anne, which
no doubt helped with a request for financial assistance
to keep the business afloat (Topham 2004).
171
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
CUVIER’S NATURAL HISTORY.
-
ThU cUy ii published, price 4t. In demy 8vo, end 6a. la royal 8ro,
embellUhed with Eight superior Engrtvlnf* by Landsocr tad
other eminent engraven,
No. I.
To be continued Monthly,
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, described flltdar*
ranged in conformity with its Organisation, lty the BA¬
RON CUVlEll. Translated* with Urge additional Dctcviptkuu
of all the Species hitherto named, and nr many not before noticed,
and with other original matter. By E. GRIFFITH, F.LS., C
i HAMILTON SMITH, and E. PIOGEON.
The Class Mammalia will form the first 3d Numbers, the Class
of Birds about *7 Numbers, the Fishes and Insects each about ¥4
Numbers*
It will be so arranged, for the eonrenicnce of those who may
confine their Zoological studies to eithor of the Classes, that each
Class will make a distinct Work, aa well as one of the Senes of
the •• Animal Kingdom." The Conduatoo will contain a Tabu¬
lar View of the System, a copious Index, and a general Termi¬
nology of the Science.
The engraved Illustrations of this work are In a superior atyle
of execution, by different artists of distinguished eminence ; arid
among the rest, many are by Mr Landseer. Most of them are ,
from original drawings made from Nature, and sevrrml represent j
l species iutogether new, or never figured before. The paper and
type of this work are iu a corresponding style of exceUroce.
. Printed for WuiTTAKaa, T a each* a, and Co. Ave-Matla
Lane, London.
Figure 3. Publisher's advertisement in May 1829 an¬
nouncing a new edition of the Animal Kingdom to be sold
in monthly parts (from the Edinburgh Literary Journal ).
publish" already published parts (at the time,
this included only the Mammalia [the first 36
numbers] and Aves [27 numbers]; and advertis¬
ing anticipated the inclusion of the other groups
of animals yet to be completed or started). The
first part appeared in May 1829 (Fig. 3).
Whereas the original subscription plan had
parts with 16 to 20 plates, the monthly sub¬
scription would have 6 or 8 plates. Advertise¬
ments for the monthly issues were found only
from 1829 to 1830, and then they appear to
cease, possibly due to lack of interest or the ex¬
tremely long wait to complete a group (the
Mammalia with 36 numbers and one per month
would take two and one-half years). The reason
for this new edition in monthly numbers (as op¬
posed to quarterly for the original text and
plates) could also have been because around
that time separate English translations of Cu¬
vier's Le Regne Animal were to appear, one by
M’Murtrie, the other under the coordination of
the publisher Henderson. Whittaker might have
feared that this potential competitor might beat
him to the completion of the entire series and
also take away subscribers since the issuance of
parts was much more frequent. It is not known
what impact, if any, either edition had on the
subscribers of Whittaker’s Animal Kingdom.
Henderson’s edition also came out in monthly
parts and was eventually completed in four vol¬
umes in 1837 (see Evenhuis, 1997:176-177 for
more details).
Despite the possible lack of sales of the
monthly subscriptions, the business seemed to
thrive under this new partnership and contin¬
ued to publish several new book titles per year.
All was apparently going well until Joseph
Treacher suddenly died of cholera in September
1833. The death was too quick for Whittaker to
have planned for the possible loss of his partner.
It was no doubt a severe blow to Whittaker; the
loss of his partner was visibly evident in the
sudden reduction of advertising (e.g., very few
notices of new parts of the Animal Kingdom
could be found from October 1833 until the
spring of 1834). Treacher’s son, Joseph Skipper
Treacher, entered the partnership soon after his
father’s passing. The son (only 17 when his fa¬
ther died) was no doubt a partner only in keep¬
ing "Treacher" in the business name as there are
titles keeping the "Whittaker, Treacher & Co."
publishing name through 1837. Other titles in
the mid 1830s have "Whittaker, Treacher &
Arnot", so there must have been separate pub¬
lishing agreements for this difference or possi¬
bly separate publishing divisions. In any case,
the Animal Kingdom changed the publishing
firm’s title to "Whittaker & Co.” on the title pages
of volumes starting in March 1834, the change
coincidental with the resurrection of more fre¬
quent publishing notices of th e Animal Kingdom.
The young Joseph S. Treacher did not remain in
the business for long. Legal notices in the local
papers told of the company’s dissolving the
partnership with Treacher on 1 November
1838 4 .
The Authors
On the authorship side of production of the
work, Edward Griffith, a founding member of
the Zoological Society of London, had envi¬
sioned complementing Cuvier's (1816) Le
Regne Animal with an independent English syn¬
thesis on the subject and began a short-lived
project in 1821 to that end. However, that first
4 The young Treacher later studied at Oxford, graduating in
1846 and was ordained the following year, eventually
serving as Vicar of Stanford-on-Thames.
172
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
two volumes on the Carnivora (Griffith 1821a)
and so-called Quadrumana (monkeys and apes)
(Griffith 1821b) were said by some contempo¬
raries to not have been professionally done, and
had garnered little enthusiasm in sales. No fur¬
ther volumes were ever published.
Three years later, the translation project was
resurrected with a working partnership of Ed¬
ward Pidgeon (1790-1834), as co-author of
some volumes; and specialty assistance (for
some volumes) of Charles Hamilton Smith, John
E. Gray, and George R. Gray. Edward Griffith and
his wife Harriet, the latter an artist, were in¬
volved with the drawings of some of the animals
on the plates. They can be identified by the no¬
tation "Griffith” or "Griffths" to distinguish them
from the artist "M. Griffith" [= Moses Griffith]
whose plates were used in the Mammalia vol¬
umes. Harriet Griffith was the engraver for the
later volumes of the General Zoology by Shaw
(1800-1812) and continued by Stephens
(1814-1826) and, since many of the plates of
vertebrates in that series were reused in the An-
imal Kingdom, Harriet Griffith may have played
a significant part in arranging for the artwork
used in this work.
The subject of Pidgeon's contributions to the
Animal Kingdom is a bit of a mystery. Gruber
(2004) incorrectly indicated that, although Grif¬
fith was the overall editor and coordinator, Pid¬
geon was the main translator throughout the
work 5 . In a 30 January 1835 letter to the editor
of the Times London concerning the death of his
friend, Griffiths (1835) explained the true con¬
tribution of Pidgeon to the Animal Kingdom.
Some contemporaries had indicated in various
reviews of the Animal Kingdom that Pidgeon
was the translator of the work, but Griffiths
5 Anonymous (1871) and Boase (1892), in their respective
treatments of the passing of Richard Cuming (1777—
1870), a founding member of the 1801 (third) Aurelian
Society, biologist, paleontologist, collector, and
founder of the Cuming Museum, stated that Cuming
had translated the greater part of Cuvier’s Regne Ani¬
mal, to which the name of Edward Pidgeon is attached.
Griffith’s (1835) defense of his partner was rather
equivocal, and noted that his true participation was a
bit different from that implied by his name being
printed as co-author on title pages. Given the debated
circumstances surrounding Pidgeon’s death, more
work on Pidgeon is needed to clarify his true associa¬
tion with Griffiths and the Animal Kingdom.
countered this, saying that he was not a trans¬
lator, but only a proofreader and, although the
sole author of the supplementary volume on
fossils (vol. 11), he had no part in the writing of
vols. 3,4, and only a small bit of vol. 8. Although
the workers associated with Griffith in this proj¬
ect were all labeled as "well-known", outside of
geology and paleontology, Pidgeon was actually
not well-known at all. This lack of celebrity may
have led to an unfortunate end. In his last few
weeks of life, a letter to a friend of Pidgeon’s was
published in the Canterbury Magazine (Anony¬
mous, 1835) lamenting that he was forlorn and
destitute saying he had no friends to speak to
him and requested at least a book to read. One
month later he took his life and left a note ex¬
plaining that he "quitted this world” because of
disease from incurable penury, and "penury
hopeless, from the pressure of disease .... I die
because I can live no longer. Who wants a better
reason?"
Gruber (2004) noted that translating Cuvier
was made complicated when Cuvier’s second
edition of Le Regne Animal appeared starting in
1829. Not only was this at around the same time
as Whittaker's financial problems, this transla¬
tion change in scope was also in the middle of
production of the Aves volumes. Despite Gru¬
ber's (2004) assertion of a complication in the
translation, there appears to have been no sig¬
nificant delays in production as the parts con¬
tinued to be issued on a roughly quarterly basis.
Whittaker had devised a split regarding where
to start doing the translation of Cuvier’s second
edition. Volumes 1-7 of the Animal Kingdom are
a translation of the first edition of Le Regne An¬
imal (Cuvier 1816); volumes 8-15 (except vol¬
ume 11) are a translation of the second edition
(Cuvier 1829-1830). An advertisement by
Whittaker in 1825 for the latest part of the Ani¬
mal Kingdom and the newly published Re¬
searches on Fossil Osteology (another Cuvier
translation into English) indicated that Cuvier
was in close contact with the publisher Whit¬
taker and would keep him appraised of updates.
The Artists and Engravers
A number of artists and engravers were em¬
ployed at various times during the publication
of this work. Early advertisements touted the
173
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Figure 4. Plates depicting the "Cacajao” showing differences from the original deriving from a sketch made by Hum¬
boldt and published as pi. 29 in Humboldt &Bonpland (1811) (4a); and the lithograph copy made for Griffith’s Animal
Kingdom (4b).
artistry of one of the co-authors, Charles Hamil-
ton-Smith. Griffith and his wife Harriet were
also involved with the illustrating, engraving,
and hand-coloring of various plates. Addition¬
ally, use was made of previously published
plates that were redrawn and lithographed. Ad¬
vertisements for the Animal Kingdom state that
some plates were drawn by Landseer (see
below). Other plates, such as the one for Simia
melanocephalus Humboldt (labeled the "caca¬
jao”), were originally sketched by Humboldt and
published in 1811 in his Relation du Voyage
(Humboldt & Bonpland, 1811) but were copied,
lithographed, and hand-colored in England by
contracted artists for the Animal Kingdom (see
Figs. 4a and 4b for differences between Hum¬
boldt’s 1811 original and the 1824 copy in the
Animal Kingdom ).
James Basire engraved a number of plates,
denoted by "Basire” or "Js. Basire”. There were
three generations of Basires, all named James,
so attribution to either of the three is difficult,
if not impossible. The father (1730-1802) and
son (1769-1822), if involved here, might have
been engravers of earlier plates, e.g., those orig¬
inally done for Shaw’s General Zoology, which
were re-used here. The grandson (1796-1869) 6
would most likely have been the engraver for
plates not found elsewhere and that thus were
originals made for the Animal Kingdom.
Charles Morgan Curtis (1796-1839), young¬
er brother of entomological author and illustra¬
tor John Curtis. Although like his brother, Charles
M. Curtis was better known as an entomological
illustrator (James F. Stephens employed him to il¬
lustrate his "Illustrations of British Insects"), but
was the artist only for some of the bird plates
used in the Animal Kingdom.
Moses Griffith (1749-1819) engraved some
of the plates (denoted by “M. Griffith”). Since the
plates were printed after Moses Griffith died, he
obviously had done the engravings much earlier.
Indeed, some of the plates used by Edward Grif-
6 Work must not have been all that good for the youngest
James Basire after doing engravings for the Animal
Kingdom. He was in bankmptcy court in 1847 (Anony¬
mous, 1847), and debtor’s prison in 1851 (Anonymous,
1851: 33).
174
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
fith for the Animal Kingdom were taken from
various other published works, including
Shaw’s (1800-1826) General Zoology, for which
Moses Griffith had engraved many of the same
plates re-used in this work.
Charles Hamilton Smith (1776-1859) illus¬
trated a number of the vertebrate plates
throughout the production of the Animal King¬
dom. He is denoted on the plates in a variety of
ways including "H. Smith." and C.H. Smith”. Al¬
though he provided a few plates dated 1824, the
majority of his work seems to have been from
1825 to 1829. Smith was also co-author of the
Mammalia and Pisces volumes and authored a
number of new taxa.
Samuel Howitt (1757-1822), primarily a
field sport enthusiast and painter of such en¬
deavors, was also well known for his work with
animals. Many were sketched from life, from
specimens in menageries, but also some studies
were made from stuffed animals. Although he is
well known for his drawings of mammals asso¬
ciated with Aesop’s Fables, his name is associ¬
ated with plates in the Animal Kingdom
depicting birds.
Landseers. There were two artists (father
and son) with the surname Landseer. A review
by Anonymous (1825) of the first few volumes
of the Animal Kingdom stated that "the Land¬
seers" had illustrated some of the plates in vols.
I—III. The father, John Landseer (1769-1852), il¬
lustrated some plates and is denoted by "Jo.
Landseer”. Edward [Sir Edwin] Henry Landseer
(1802-1873) was well-known as an animal
painter and the illustrations he drew and etched
for the Animal Kingdom are denoted by "H y
Landseer”, "H. Landseer" or "H.L.". The illustra¬
tions by the latter are easy to spot among those
in the Animal Kingdom as his style has a charac¬
teristic relaxed sketch-type look and (if present)
the signature is large and flowing.
John William Lewin (1770-1819), a natu¬
ralist and illustrator is denoted on plates in the
Animal Kingdom simply as "Lewin”. Since he
died before the project began, the plates used
here were from originals made earlier and pos¬
sibly used elsewhere. Australian-based since
1800, his illustrations used in the Animal King¬
dom are restricted to those species occurring in
New Zealand and Australia.
James de Carle Sowerby (1787-1871) illus¬
trated the Hawaiian Drepanis byronensis and the
Angola vulture, both from BMNH specimens. He
probably also produced the original illustration
of tortoises for the Zool. which were re-used
for the plate in the Animal Kingdom.
Joseph Obadiah Westwood (1805-1893),
well-known Oxford entomologist and a talented
illustrator in his own right, was primarily tasked
with copying 52 of the Insecta plates in Volumes
14 and 15 supplied to him by Guerin from the
latter's Iconographie. He also illustrated a num¬
ber of plates himself.
John Christian Zeitter (1797-1862), a tal¬
ented German-born animal artist from England
and copperplate engraver was the engraver of
some of the Aves plates in the Animal Kingdom.
In 1831, Zeitter married Lydia Ann Aiken,
daughter of well-known sports painter Henry
Aiken.
Previous Dating Efforts
Dating of the parts to the work has proven diffi¬
cult and most dates have been based on best es¬
timates derived from reading the intent of the
publisher and extrapolating and interpolating
dates when not found in the literature.
Matthews (1919: 454) apparently had little to
go on except the dates of the plates and stated
with regard to the Aves volumes, in which he
was only interested: "The title pages bear the
date 1829, but the plates are dated, the dates
ranging from Nov. 1827 to Jan. 1830. A few new
names occur, so that a collation would be valu¬
able." Then, the next year, Matthews received
some additional information (source not speci¬
fied therein) 7 and augmented his previous entry
for Griffith stating: "About nine parts bound in
three volumes which are listed on January 23rd,
1830. Pt. 14 (1st of birds) December 1st, 1827;
pt. 15, March 31st, 1828; pt. 16, August 6th,
1828, with 18 plates; pt. 19, May 21st, 1829; pt.
20 with 16 plates, August 15th, 1829; pt. 21,
with 21 plates, October 31st, 1829. Further
dates and contents of parts still desired.” The in¬
formation Matthews supplied is the most de¬
tailed at that time, but it is still incomplete and
with one possible error (Part 16 with 18 plates
7 The source is discovered only by reading Zimmer (1926);
it was Charles Richmond.
175
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Table 1. Comparison of plate numbers for parts of and whole series of the Animal Kingdom.
Work
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Pisces
Annelida etc.
Mollusca
Insecta
Fossils
total
Nissen 1966
210
160
55
62 + 121
60
60
140+1
49
799
Engelmann 1846
60
60
140
Evenhuis 1997
140
Graesse 1861
200
60
60
64* *
140
Whittaker 1837
200
180
60
60
60
64**
140
50t
814
"List of Plates"
210
160
55
62+|2]
60
60
140
49
798
Zimmer 1926
260*
Smith 1993
210
160
55
64
60
61
140
49
799
wrapper contents
159
67**
Anker 1938
160
* typo for
160
** includes
replacements
for 3 plates
** includes
replacements
for 3 plates
tjncludes
extra pi.
meant for
1844 2nd ed.
fits better with Part 17 having 18 plates — see
Table 3 for comparison of contents and dates].
Sherborn (1922: xli) gave only brief attention
to dating of the entire work as he had little evi¬
dence of dates for the 44 parts nor did he have
knowledge of how many parts made up the en¬
tire series since he had apparently not seen any
parts with wrappers and based his dating on re¬
ports of publisher’s notices in the literature. He
stated: "said to be a quarterly; pt. 1 issued Feb.
1824 and pt. 25 out by 1830; advisable to use
volume dates at present.”
Zimmer (1926) noted that Charles Rich¬
mond was a source for some of Matthews’s
(1920,1925) dating and repeated the details of
parts and plates with a bit more detail. Anker
(1938), like Mathews and Zimmer, was also con¬
cerned only with the Aves and gave a detailed
description of its three volumes but, apparently,
did not see Matthews (1920,1925) or Zimmer
(1926) and stated:
"The whole work was issued in parts in 1827-
35.... According to the dates of publication given
on them [the plates], they were published from
November 1, 1827, to January, 1830, and the
three volumes cited here would seem to have
been completed at the end of 1829 or possibly at
the beginning of 1830.” (Anker, 1938:115).
Cowan (1969a) gave the most detailed research
on the work but, without much external evi¬
dence to go on, made preliminary calculations
on dates and contents with the caveat that they
could be used as a basis for further work.
Cowan’s work presented a wealth of informa¬
tion that indeed proved useful as a baseline of
publication dates for the current study. To show
the relative accuracy of Cowan’s estimates on
dating, Table 3 compares dates found in the cur¬
rent study with his dates. Subsequent findings
(Cowan 1969b, 1971a, 1971b) corrected some
estimates but some incorrect assumptions (e.g.,
3 parts per insect volume) remained.
Evenhuis (1997) provided dates of the two
Insecta volumes based on Cowan’s research,
correcting the parts per volume, and estimated
pages per part based mainly on a 192-pages-
per-part assumption.
Note on Issuance of Plates
Plates were normally issued in the parts with
the relevant associated text. Plates were not
numbered until 1831, starting with the plates in
the Insecta volumes (14 and 15), followed
chronologically by those in the Annelida, Crus¬
tacea, Arachnida (vol. 13), the Mollusca and Ra-
diata (vol. 12), and the Pisces (vol. 10) volumes.
Despite knowing the numbers of plates in vol¬
umes and in some parts (via listing totals in ad¬
vertisements and reviews), accurate dating of
those plates has been found in this study not to
be always possible, primarily because the con¬
tents of the plates in the original parts with
wrappers do not correspond to their final place¬
ment in bound volumes. In addition to the initial
publication of parts on the intended quarterly
basis, republished parts were also issued as part
of a monthly subscribership scheme (cf. Fig. 3);
however, these parts had a separate numbering
scheme and apparently were only published for
less than two years (May 1829 through 1830,
176
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
possibly into early 1831), so there should be no
confusion regarding dating of plates that are
found in the original quarterly issued wrappers.
Other confounding circumstances concern
the actual number of plates that were issued
versus the ones that were instructed to be
bound in the final volumes. Total plate counts in
the final bound 16 volumes seems to vary from
set to set with Nissen [1966] and Smith [1993]
stating 799; the publisher stating 814 in an
1837 advertisement (Whittaker, 1837), but the
bookseller Junk (Antiquariaat Junk, 1998) stat¬
ing that the set they were selling in that cata¬
logue (with 797 plates) included the most in any
set they had ever sold (cf. Table 1).
One reason for the varying totals could be
that the number of plates issued for a particular
part may not have been the same from one part
sold to another. Unfortunately, the contents of
the parts of the Mammalia and Aves seen during
this study are known only from one set of wrap¬
pers each. It would be critical to compare the
same part to other sets with wrappers to under¬
stand better if the number of plates and con¬
tents of each varied from one to another. The
numbers of plates per part appeared most often
in Whittaker’s advertisements of the early parts,
but disappeared toward the last couple of years
and were also not present in advertisements
that also included newer works the publisher
was trying to sell in the same advertisement. In
those cases, the actual numbers of plates in the
part being noticed as published would be re¬
placed with phrases such as "numerous engrav¬
ings” or "splendid engravings” or no mention at
all of plates.
Another possible reason for this discrep¬
ancy is evident in the plates that were listed in
the wrapper contents of part 1 (Mammalia),
from the Bodleian Library. In that part, among
the 18 unnumbered plates, there were seven
(two of birds, two of fish, one of unnamed but¬
terflies, one squid, and one tunicate) that were
not mentioned in the text nor instructed to be
bound in any of the remaining (i.e., non-Mam-
malia) volumes [the two bird plates were the
only ones instructed in the Aves "List of Plates”
to be bound in the Aves volumes]. It could have
been that in the first part, the publisher (Whit¬
taker) wanted to attract as many potential sub¬
scribers as possible by inserting a variety of an¬
imals groups rather than restrict the plates to
just Mammalia. Parts 2 and 3 contained only
Mammalia plates, and all the Aves parts seen in
wrappers had only Aves plates. It is uncertain if
other parts in original wrappers contained ad¬
ditional plates (i.e., of taxa belonging to other
Classes than that of the part) that were not as¬
sociated with any textual matter; however, one
plate was not found among those issued with
the Aves parts in wrappers (which totals 159
plates) and must have been included in another
non-Aves part since 160 plates are in the "List
of Plates” in the preliminaries of the Aves sec¬
tion. Also, of the plates I have examined in the
Insecta section, one plate (pi. 139) was unac¬
counted for and could have been one of these
extra originally unnumbered plates only issued
for marketability and not intended to be bound.
In the case of plates not known from wrap¬
per contents, they can effectively only be dated
from the earliest known date of the last part of
each animal group. Thus, for example, in the
Mammalia volumes, plates may have originally
been issued in an early part but were bound into
a later volume; or vice versa: a plate may have
been issued in a later part but bound into an
earlier volume. If they are not known from the
part in which they were originally issued, but
only from the bound volumes, one can safely
only date such plates from the last part that was
issued for that animal group. Also, plates from
two-volume Classes can be placed among the
parts that comprised the second volume if the
dates on the plates are later than the date of
publication for the last part in the first volume
(e.g., as was done for the Insecta plates dated
1832 in this study).
I list the plates of the parts I have seen or for
which I have received information as they occur
in each part, but, without supporting evidence
(correspondence, library stamps, etc.), cannot
at this time verify with certainty whether they
represent an original issuance of the part or a
subsequent one.
Additionally, not-before dates can be deter¬
mined for plates based on the dates they were
completed. Virtually all of the plates are dated
with a year and for Insecta also a month (and
sometimes also a day) and it is possible that the
177
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
zwasctj
gnffttfis Tr„„ 4 / m £,,^ <,/ £
3%> *™)*im/
M ' / f •* M's. pUt, h—.., y /.^ -/_
<r
W'jfnoe* rL £ f <■
Figure 5. Set of proof impressions of 140 Animal King¬
dom Insecta plates belonging to J.O. Westwood deposited
in OXUMNH . a. bound volume; b. Handwritten volume
title, with supplemental information added by an uniden¬
tified person. Photos: Zoe Simmons, OXUMNH .
dates are associated with dates upon which a
plate could be sold. Since it was advertised that
there were available for sale proof plates in
demy quarto on India paper, it is possible that
the dates on the plates were the dates on which
the proof plates were pulled and sold separately
from and before the plates sent to subscribers
along with the text in the parts with wrappers.
Advertisements from the publisher stated this
could be done and the India paper proofs were
sold at a much higher price than the other ver¬
sions sold. Although a set of 140 proof impres-
Just published by Geo. />. TJ Whittaker. 3
The EIGHTH PART of
THE A N I IVI il L KINGDOM,
Described and arranged In conformity with iLs OrgUlhiLllon,
By ibt BARON CUVIER, &c,&c.frc.
Wlih additional Dcwriplkms of all the Specie* hitherto named* of many not before
r noticed, and other original Matter,
By EDWARD GRIFFITH, F-L.5. and Others.
U Quarterly Parts, containing about twelve ihoeu of Lc(tcT-iir«f Blld eighteen
superior Engraving*, chiefly from living subjects.
Demy dto. with early Impresikina of [he Plate*, on India Paper, price !Mr. cadi
Part; In royal dvo. with the nates carefully coloured, 24 s* or plain ISj.j in
demy Svo. plain Ik
Figure 6. Advertisement of the eighth part of the Animal
Kingdom showing its intended issuance of 12 sheets of
letter-press with each part. Source: Publisher's advertis¬
ing pamphlet bound in “A topographical dictionary of the
United Kingdom. 1826" via Internet Archive.
sions of Insecta plates from the Animal Kingdom
belonging to J.O. Westwood were found in the
OXUMNH (see Figs. 5a,b], no evidence was
found of a date of sale or receipt of any of those
TH E
ANIMAL KINGDOM
ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH
ITS ORGANIZATION,
BY
THE BARON CUVIER,
*r. At- \e
WITH
ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
ov
ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO NAMED; OF MANY NOT BEFORE
NOTICED; AND OTHER
ORIGINAL MATTER;
BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, l-.L.S.
LONDON :
PUBLISHED BY G. AN’D \V. B. WHITTAKER,
AVE-MARIA-LANE.
Figure 7. Example of an early wrapper of part of the An¬
imal Kingdom : wrapper cover of Part 1.
178
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Putt XXI.
AVB 6 ,—'Part &
IHfc
ANIMAL KINGDOM
HES&fctirttl AMI AHilAKcElP
IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION,
THE BARON CUVIER,
%f*mher <>/ tk*f t**{itx/r <,/ tiwn,
itr. Jfr. Ac,
WITH
AI > D 1 T ION A L DESC H 1 FT IONS
.4l,L THI. sTJCt H> HITHUATli SAXiilii («T MAST NOT HI.IMHK
NOTICED i AND OTRIR
ORIGINAL. NATTER.
BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S.
AMU OTHSHS
mum*
PRINTED HIM WHlTTAJCTh, TMAOIIH, AND CO
AVI -HilU'UM
Figure 8. Example of the back of cover of the wrappers
to the Animal Kingdom showing the anticipated date of
the next part: wrapper back cover of Part 20.
p ART XV. AVE 5 ,—Part s,
THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM
DKSCRIREO A VO AftBAKCRD,
IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION,
IT
THE BARON CUVIER,
J/rnvV-r v/tfit Imdttiei* of France,
X* Iff
iriTU
ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
Att THE SFECir* IHIHCjiTO NAMED* OF MAXY Jil/T 0EFOBK
vtmctD * a vo tmiKR
ORIGINAL MATTEE;
BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L&
JXO OTHERS
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY DEO. B. WHITTAKER,
AYS-MARIA-UJJ EL.
Figure 10. Wrapper cover of Part 21 of Aves (Vol.8] show¬
ing labeling of animal group, overall series part number,
and part within the group.
TIIE
CLASS AVES
BARON CUVIER,
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS
EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.LS., A S., $c.
A VO
EDWARD PIDGEON, E*<j.
TMK ADDITIOKAL ITCCiEI IVtKBTKD IV TUK TEXT or CPYIEB
BY
JOHN EDWARD GRAY. E*j„ F.G.S.. <Jy.
VOLUME THE T It I H t).
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.,
AYE.HAltlA.LANE.
MDCCCXXUt.
Figure 9. Wrapper of Part 15 showing start of labeling of
animal group, overall series part number, and part within
the group on the wrapper covers.
179
Figure 11. Second title page showing the labeling of the
volume for Aves (Vol.3).
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Part XVII. AVES.-Pawt 4.
TUB
ANIMAL KINGDOM
DtaCainR^ AJtD AHHA* 0 *B
1Y CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION*
UT
THI BARON CUVIER,
M' jttlftr p/* /A: Jiiti'ttufa a/ fhrera,
$c. 4 **
WITH
ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
ov
M.t THE SPECIES HITHERTO NAMED; OF MANY NOT UKFWI*.
NOTICED; AND OTHER
ORIGINAL NATTER.
BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.LS.
AND OTHERS.
LONDON:
?UBUSHED BY GEO. tt WHITTAKER.
AfB.tlAIUA.LANA
Figure 12. Wrapper cover for Part 17 (Aves Vol. 7) show¬
ing printer as "Geo. B. Whittaker”.
plates. From the fact that the India paper proof
plates were uncolored and expensive, it would
seem that they may not have been as desired as
hand-colored plates, even though the uncolored
versions could be purchased as soon as they
were ready and without having to wait for them
to be issued along with the text in a Part.
Notes on Pagination and Contents
Determining the pages contained in each part
without reference to originally gathered con¬
tents in a wrapper (see below for examples) can
be both difficult and time consuming. Obvious
discoloration from one part to the other or dif¬
ferent margins or type can give some indication
of a set of signatures that make up individual
parts but is fraught with uncertainty. Text gath¬
erings ("sheets”) consisted typically of a signa¬
ture of 16 pages. One publisher’s advertisement
(Fig. 6) stated that each part consisted of 12
sheets of letterpress. With each "sheet" being 16
Part XVIII. AVES,— Part 5.
THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM
DESCRIBED AJO> ARRANGED
IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION.
RV
THE BARON CUVIER,
|frfaJ«r It/ iftt Inti ftite </ printer,
4*. fc, -fc.
ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
or
-ILL THE STEC1M HITHERTO NAMED;OFMANV NOT BEFORE
NOTICED [ AND OTHER
ORIGINAL MATTER.
BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S,
AKO OTHERS.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR WHITTAKER. TREACHER, AND ARNOT,
AVE-J 14 AJA.LANIS,
Figure 13. Wrapper cover for Part 18 (Aves Vol. 7) show¬
ing change in printer to "Whittaker, Treacher, and Co.”
pages, there were then 192 pages of letterpress
that were advertised to be in each part. Cowan
(1969a) attempted to discern pages for all vol¬
umes with an assumption that the first part of
most volumes had 192 pages. This assumption
apparently stemmed from Mathews (1925),
perhaps relying on information supplied to him
by Richmond. Evenhuis (1997) followed this
pagination assumption in an effort to discern
the pagination of the parts in the two Insecta
volumes. However, Cowan (1969a) had previ¬
ously shown that the assumed 192-page count
for the first part of each volume was not always
correct. That was verified in this research based
on the contents of parts of the Mammalia and
Aves volumes that were bound as received in
their wrappers (see further below). Aside from
those anomalies, the 192 page-count for the
first part of every volume subsequent to the
Aves volumes seems to be correct.
180
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Analysis of the Work
The work was offered in three editions: demy
octavo, royal octavo, and demy quarto, although
the printed plates to each were from the same
copperplate, thus the same size but with differ¬
ent margins. Bousquet (2016) mistakenly said
there were only two (quarto and demy octavo).
The demy quarto was only for the proof impres¬
sions of the plates, which were printed on India
paper and sold separately from the letterpress.
The demy octavo edition contained letterpress
and uncolored plates; the royal octavo edition
had letterpress and could be purchased with ei¬
ther colored or uncolored plates.
Because the India paper proof impressions
could be purchased separately from the "parts”
that contained both text and plates, there is thus
a potential that some plates may have appeared
prior to the completed "part”. Without notices
of receipt of those individual plates, dating of
publication of those plates is not possible. No
copies of individual demy quarto plates have
been seen in this study. It is assumed here that
their dates of issuance would be the same as the
initial wrappers in which they were contained.
The issuance of the work was initially in
parts in colored wrappers: the Mammalia and
Aves wrappers seen were brown. Initially, the
wrappers gave no information of the contents
or Part number (see Fig. 7) giving only the over¬
all title and publisher. By the time of the is¬
suance of Aves Part 15, the wrappers had
printed on them the animal group, overall series
part number, and part within the group (e.g.,
Fig. 9). There were no dates printed on the
wrappers; however, the back cover of the wrap¬
per gave a date of when the next part would ap¬
pear (e.g., Fig. 8). After receiving all parts that
constituted a volume 8 , title pages would be used
in place of the wrapper. Except for the Fossils
(Vol. 11) and Synopsis and Index (Vol. 15), there
were two title pages, both of which differed
slightly in wording and format from each other
and from that on the wrapper. For example, the
wrappers gave not only the overall part number,
8 Most often this was three-parts per volume, but the first
three parts of the Mammalia had text to go into other
volumes and volume 5 of the Mammalia was made up
of pages from two different parts. By the time the Aves
parts appeared, the three-parts per volume rule was
used fairly consistently.
but also the part within the animal group. Thus,
the wrapper for Part 21 for the Aves volumes
(Fig. 10) has the following information printed
across the top: the overall part number in
Roman numerals (XXI), the animal group name
(Aves), and the part number within the animal
group in Arabic numbers (Part 8). In that fash¬
ion, and knowing that three parts made up a
volume, a subscriber would know there was one
more part (the 9th) needed to complete the
third volume of the Aves. The first title page of
each volume (e.g.. Fig. 1) lacked the information
on overall parts and parts within the animal
group and was intended as the title page of this
volume within the entire Animal Kingdom series
(thus the "Eighth Volume” overall). The second
title page (Fig. 11) was intended as the title page
within the volumes dealing with the Aves (thus
"Volume the Third”).
Bound Volumes, Separate Parts, and Dates of
Publication
The descriptions of dating and contents below
are by part within volume. As volumes were not
issued chronologically, parts are not listed suc¬
cessively, but as they were issued within each
volume. Table 3 can be consulted for the details
on each part in successive order. Dates in bold
are the earliest found.
Mammalia (overall vols. 1-5; overall parts 1-
13).
Example first title page (from bound copy of vol¬
ume 1): “The animal kingdom arranged in
conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with additional descrip¬
tions of all the species hitherto named, and of
many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith,
F.L.S., A.S., &c. and others. Volume the First.
London: Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-
Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXVII.”
Example second title page (from bound copy of
volume 1): “The Class Mammalia arranged
by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions
by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S. &c. Major
Charles Hamilton Smith, F.R.S., L.S. &c. and
Edward Pidgeon, Esq. Volume the First. Lon¬
don: Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-
Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXVII.”
181
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Title page of Mammalia Volume 5: “Synopsis of
the species of the Mammalia, as arranged
with reference to their organization, by Cu¬
vier, and other naturalists. With specific char¬
acters, synonyma, &c. &c. Volume the Fifth.
London: Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-
Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXVII."
Title page dates: Vol. 1: 1827, Vol. 2: 1827, Vol.
3: 1827, Vol. 4: 1827, Vol. 5: 1827.
Authorship: Edward Griffith and Edward Pid-
geon are responsible for the translated portions.
Sherborn in his Index Animalium gives author¬
ship of most of the new species to John Edward
Gray and Charles Hamilton Smith to others.
British anatomist and naturalist Joshua Brookes
[1761-1833) is given authorship of the genus
Lycaon in the text [Vol. 5, page 151) and by Sher¬
born in his Index Animalium, although it is
equivocal if, in fact, he was the person respon¬
sible for the characters given there to make the
name available. The names may have been
made available earlier in the sale catalogue of
his museum (Brookes, 1827) since that latter
work is cited in the Animal Kingdom under the
name Lycaon.
Dating of the Parts
Part 1, pp. i-lxxx, 1-204, 18 plates, 13 Febru¬
ary 1824 [Morn. Chron., Lond. Morn. Post); 14
February 1824 [Lit. Chron.; says next part to be
ready on 1 May 1824); 16 February 1824 [Lond.
Observ .); 28 February 1824 [Somerset House
Gaz.); February 1824 (Sherborn 1922: xli; Mon.
Mag.); March 1824 [Univ. Rev.); 17 April 1824
[Courier); June 1824 [Mon. Crit. Gaz.).
Remarks. Wrappers and contents have
been seen for the first three parts of the
Mammalia (from a set in the Bodleian Li¬
brary of Oxford University); pagination
and plate contents of these parts are
based on this set. The Quarterly Review
listed Part 1 in its list of new publica¬
tions for "October 1833 - January 1834",
but a January 1824 is impossible since
there are at least 12 plates issued in Part
1 dated as "Feb y 1824". The London Mag¬
azine said the first part was "to com¬
mence on the 1st of February". The 13
February date listed in the Morning
Chronicle is treated here as the earliest
date of publication until more solid evi¬
dence can be found for an earlier launch.
The date of the next issue to be pub¬
lished given by the London Literature
Gazette is presumably from the wrapper
back cover, which has such information
printed on each part (see, e.g., Fig. 8).
Whittaker's own Monthly Magazine
noted in the March issue that the first
part was published in February (oddly
without much fanfare). Cowan (1969a)
did not give a source for his 29 February
1824 dating, but I presume this is follow¬
ing Sherborn’s (1922) "February” and
Cowan simply adding the last day of the
month for February that year, which was
the 29th.
Part 2, pp. 205-352,18 plates [of Vol. 1], pp. 1-
52 [of Vol. 5, Mammalia synopsis], 18 pis., 19
June 1824 [Lit. Chron.); 26 June 1824 [Lit. Gaz.
&/.); 28 June 1824 [Courier); 6 July 1824 [Kalei¬
doscope); July 1824 [Mon. Mag.); 1 August 1824
[New Mon. Mag.); 7 August 1824 [Lit. Gaz.).
Remarks. Part 2 comprised pages for
both Vol. 1 and Vol. 5 of the Mammalia.
The New Monthly Magazine gave 18
plates as being in the first part; and the
review in the Universal Review (Anony¬
mous, 1824b) gave a total of 38 plates
for the first two parts, so that leaves 20
plates for the second part. The negative
review of Part 1 in the Monthly Critical
Gazette (Anonymous 1824a) also gives
the same plate count (18) but has the
pages as "203-352".
Part 3, pp. 1-160, 16 plates [of vol. 2], 28 Au¬
gust 1824 [New Times; Lond. Lit. Gaz.; the latter
reviewed parts 1-3 on 11 September 1824); 1
September 1824 [Lond. Morn. Post); 22 Septem¬
ber 1824 [Courier); September 1824 [Brit. Crit.).
Part 4. [no text] [plate contents unknown], 26
November 1824 [Morn. Chron.), 30 November
1824 [Lit. Chron., Lond. Morn. Post), 1 December
1824 [Mon. Crit. Gaz.); 6 December 1824
[Courier); 21 December 1824 [Kaleidoscope);
December 1824 [Mon. Mag.); January 1825
[Scot’s Mag.).
182
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Remarks. Part 4 of the Mammalia is an
anomaly as the first two parts have all
the pages of text for the first volume of
the Mammalia. It is possible, then, that
Part 4 was only an issue of plates and no
text (or plates and possibly title pages
for the completed volume 1). A tabula¬
tion of plates per the first three parts
shows that 17 of the plates issued in the
first three parts were bound in volume
1. Nissen (1966) listed 25 plates as con¬
stituting the completed volume 1, leav¬
ing 8 plates yet to be issued. They may
have been issued in Part 4, but this can¬
not be verified as they could have been
issued in any one of the parts that made
up the 4 main volumes of the Mammalia,
and may have been issued in other Parts
of the Animal Kingdom.
Part 5, pp. 161-[???] [plate contents unknown],
7 March 1825 [Morn. Chron.; Examiner ); 9
March 1825 ( Lond. Mon. Post); 12 March 1825
[Lit. Chron.); 19 March 1825 [Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 1
April 1825 [Mon. Mag.); 2 April 1825 [Courier).
Part 6, pp. [???]—513, 68 plates [for entire vol¬
ume 2; from Nissen (1966)], 18 June 1825 [Lit.
Chron.); 25 June 1825 [Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 8 July
1825 [Lond. Morn. Post); July 1825 (/. Gen. Litt.).
Part 7, pp. 1—[172] [ofvol. 3], [unknown pages
of vol. 5, Mammalia synopsis] [plate contents
unknown], 17 September 1825 [Lond. Lit.
Gaz.); 1 October 1825 [New Mon. Mag.).
Remarks. As with Part 2, according to
the review in the New Monthly Magazine,
Part 7 is also split to contain pages for
the main part of the Mammalia (for Vol.
3) and pages for the Synopsis (Vol. 5).
The pages for Vol. 3 could be interpo¬
lated as 1-172; however, there is not in¬
formation in the review to indicate
exactly what pages were contained in
Part 7 that pertain to Vol. 5.
Part 8, pp. [173J-332, [plate contents un¬
known], 1 December 1825 [Times, Lit. Chron.
records as published on 1 December 1825)
[Lond. Lit. Gaz. and Examiner have "to be pub¬
lished 1 December"]; 11 December 1825 [Lond.
Age); 13 December 1825 [Lond. Morn. Post).
Part 9, pp. 333-468 + [2], [18 plates] (plate
count from the notice in the Lit. Gaz. & J. and
Lond. Mag.; 65 total plates for volume], 1 May
1824 [Lond. Morn. Post); 15 May 1824
[Courier); May 1824 [Lit. Gaz. & J.); 3 June 1825
[Lond. Lit. Gaz.); June 1826 [Lond. Mag.); 19 Au¬
gust 1826 [Lond. Lit. Gaz.).
Part 10, pp. 1-[184], [plate contents unknown],
12 September 1826 [Morn. Chron., Courier); 23
September 1826 [Lond. Morn. Post); September
1826 [Ann. Philos.).
Part 11, pp. [185]—344, [plate contents un¬
known], 24 February 1827 [Lond. Lit. Gaz.);
February [Lond. Mag.).
Remarks. A publisher's advertisement in
the 22 December 1826 Courier said the
11th part would be "ready" on 29 De¬
cember 1826. However, no notices in pe¬
riodicals or newspapers from December
could be found in this study to corrobo¬
rate this date.
Part 12, pp. 345-498 + [1], [52 total plates for
volume], 12 May 1827 [Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 30 May
1827 [Courier).
Part 13, pp. 1-391 + [1], [no plates (Nissen
1966)], 2 August 1827 [Lond. Times); 3 August
1827 [Lond. Morn. Post).
Remarks. Volume 5 of the Mammalia
(which had no plates), essentially in¬
tended as a supplementary volume, was
also visibly treated as such in the print¬
ing. The second title page (in Vol. 5 of the
Mammalia) has a different title (see
above); there is no volume number on
the direction line as there was in vol¬
umes 1-4; the page numbers are placed
on the inside bottom corner of each page
as opposed to the normal outside top
margin in the other volumes in the Ani¬
mal Kingdom; the pages are in a small
font size equal to the signature marks;
and the signature marks start with "2 C”
as opposed to "B” and succeed from
there.
183
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Table 2. Comparisons of dating of the Aves parts.
Overall
Part
Vol.
Class
Part
Pages
Pis.
Matthews
(1920) pis.
Matthews
(1920) date
Cowan date
Date in this
study
14
6
1
1-184
16 pis
1 Dec 1827
1 Dec 1827
30 Nov 1827
15
6
2
185-360
16 pis
31 Mar 1828
31 Mar 1828
31 Mar 1828
16
6
3
357*-548
16 pis
18 pis
6 Aug 1828
6 Aug 1828
5 Aug 1828
17
7
4
1-192
18 pis
—
[Nov 1828]
1 Nov 1828
18
7
5
193-384
16 pis.
—
[Mar 1829]
1 Mar 1829
19
7
6
385-586
19 pis
21 May 1829
21 May 1829
21 May 1829
20
8
7
1-192
16 pis.
16 pis
15 Aug 1829
15 Aug 1829
6 Aug 1829
21
8
8
193-448
21 pis.
21 pis
31 Oct 1829
31 Oct 1829
31 Oct 1829
22
8
9
449-690
23 pis
—
23 Jan 1830
10 Jan 1830
Aves (overall vols. 6-8; overall parts 14-22)
Example first title page (from bound copy of vol¬
ume 8): "The animal kingdom arranged in
conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with additional descrip¬
tions of all the species hitherto named, and of
many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith,
F.L.S., A.S., corresponding member of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel¬
phia, &c. and others. Volume the Sixth. Lon¬
don: Printed for Whittaker, Treacher, and
Co., Ave-Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXIX.”
Example second title page (from bound copy of
volume 8): "The Class Aves arranged by the
Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions by
Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S. &c. and Edward
Pidgeon, Esq. the additional species inserted
in the text of Cuvier by John Edward Gray,
Esq., F.G.S. &c. Volume the Third. London:
Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXIX.”
Title page dates: Vol. 6: 1829, Vol. 7: 1829, Vol.
8: 1829.
Authorship: Edward Griffith & Edward Pidgeon
are authors of all three volumes, despite
the fact that Griffith (1835) said Pidgeon
had little to do with Vol. 8. New taxa are
authored by John Edward Gray, except
new genera and species by William
Swainson in the "Observations” (pp.
677-690) in Part 22 [= the last part of
Volume III of the Aves].
Wrappers have been seen for the nine parts that
make up the three volumes (e.g., Figs. 9,10,12,
13). A copy from the University of Illinois-Ur-
bana (UI) on BHL has the three Aves volumes
bound with all of the wrappers for the parts,
thus the pagination and plates per part can be
directly seen. The contents of each part were
bound as received without reordering of plates
or removal of the wrappers, and even include
pamphlets from publishers that have been
bound in. Also noted in this UI copy with wrap¬
pers, which was seen in most other bound
copies, is that pages 357 through 360 of Part 15
were reprinted and issued in Part 16 with addi¬
tional material on those pages. The back wrap¬
per of Part 15 says Part 16 was due in June
1828. The actual publication was 6 August
1828, a two month delay perhaps because of the
reprinting of those 3 pages and resetting the re¬
maining pages in Part 16. The total plates in the
UI copy is 159, which differs from the 160 listed
by Nissen (1966) and other copies examined in
this study; and a publisher's advertisement
soon after completion of the whole work (Whit¬
taker, 1837) gives 180 plates for the Aves sec¬
tion. There were also 2 unnumbered plates of
birds issued in Part 1 of the Mammalia, but
adding that to the UI wrappers total gives 161.
The "List of Plates” tallies 160 names of birds
(since there were no numbered plates) and con¬
founding the numbering is the fact that two of
the plates are instructed to be bound in two dif¬
ferent places in the text (viz., the Madagascar
Roller in Volume 7; and Levaillant’s Darter in
184
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Volume 8). That would mean two copies had to
have been issued for each of these plates to fol¬
low the instructions. However, in the UI copy,
these two plates were not duplicated; however
two others were (the Black-necked Swan [is¬
sued in Part 15 and Part 22]; and the Generic
Characters of Birds. Order Passeres. Fam.
Tenuirostres [issued in Part 20 and Part 22]].
These duplicates are not accounted for in the
"List of Plates”. The actual issuance of the Aves
plates remains a mystery.
Another interesting bit of information
that the wrappers give is that the publisher
changed from "Geo. B. Whittaker” in Part 17 (1
November 1828) (Fig. 12) to "Whittaker,
Treacher, and Co.” in Part 18 (1 March 1829)
(Fig. 13), i.e., in the middle of Vol. 7. This change
apparently coincides with Whittaker being re¬
leased from his creditors (see above) and decid¬
ing to go into partnership with Joseph Treacher,
William Cumber Hood, and David Gale Arnot.
This was only a management change as the
printer at the time remained the same and there
appear to be no significant changes to the type¬
setting, fonts, paper, or layout. Nor was there
any significant delay in issuance. The back of the
wrapper for Part 17 states "The Eighteenth
number of the Animal kingdom will be pub¬
lished in February 1829”. It appeared on 12
March 1829, not any more of a delay than many
of the other parts for which anticipated dates
are noted on the back of the wrappers in this
study.
Dating of the parts
Part 14, pp. 1-184; 16 plates, 30 November
1827 ( Lond. New Times; Courier ); 1 Dec 1827
(Lond. Lit. Gaz .); December 1827 ( Gent. Mag.
[publisher’s advertisement]).
Part 15, pp. 185-360, 16 plates, 31 Mar 1828
(Lond. Lit. Gaz., Lond. Morn. Post); 12 July 1828
(New Mon. Mag.); July 1828 (Quart. Lit. Advert.).
Part 16, pp. 357*-360*, 361-548, 16 plates, 5
August 1828 (Courier); 6 Aug 1828
(Athenaeum); 9 August 1828 (Mon. Lit. Advert.).
Remarks. As noted above. Part 16 contained
reprinted/corrected pp. 357-360 [marked
with an asterisk] of Part 15 as well as pp.
361-548.
Part 17, pp. 1-192,18 plates, 1 Nov 1828 (New
Mon. Mag.); 29 November 1828 (Courier); 18
December 1828 (Lond. Morn. Post.).
Part 18, pp. 193-384, 16 plates, 1 Mar 1829
(Mag. Nat. Hist., Examiner, Oxford Lit. Gaz., 18
pis.); 9 March 1829 (Morn. Chron., Morn. Post,
Courier, 16 pis.); 10 March 1829 (Mon. Lit. Ad¬
vert., 16 pis.); 12 March 1829 (Lond. Stand., 16
pis.); April 1829 (Whittaker advertisement
dated April bound in with Aves Part 6 saying 5
parts of Aves published); September 1829 (Mag.
Nat. Hist.).
Remarks. There is a discrepancy in the
listing of the number of plates to this
part, with the Magazine of Natural His¬
tory, The Examiner, and the Oxford Liter¬
ary Gazette having an advertisement by
the publisher stating 18 plates and later
advertisements in the London Standard,
Courier, Morning Chronicle, Monthly Lit¬
erary Advertiser, and the UI copy online
with wrappers, which each have 16. The
advertisements in the Magazine of Nat¬
ural History, The Examiner, and Oxford
Literary Gazette may have perhaps been
an originally intended number when the
advertisement was typeset, or else there
were different compositions of plates
per sale (the latter seems less likely).
Part 19, pp. 385-586,19 plates, 21 May 1829
(Athenaeum and Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 23 May 1829
(Standard); 28 May 1829 (Morn. Chron.); 30
May 1829 (Times); 11 June 1829 (Lond. Morn.
Post); September 1829 (Mag. Nat. Hist.).
Part 20, pp. 1-192,16 plates [number of plates
from UI wrapper and matches advertisement in
Lond. Morn. Post., Lit. Gaz. & ]., and Morn. /.], 4
August 1829 (Courier); 6 August 1829 (Lond.
Morn. Post, Lond. Stand.); 15 Aug 1829 (Lond.
Lit. Gaz.); 4 September 1829 (Morning /.).
Part 21, pp. 193-448, 21 plates, 31 Oct 1829
(Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 10 November 1829 (Bent's
Mon. Lit. Advert.); 14 November 1829 (Morn.J.).
Remarks. The advertisement in the
Morning Journal says there are 22 plates
in Part 21, which differs from the actual
number of 19 found in the UI copy with
185
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
wrappers. This may have been an in¬
tended plate count when the advertise¬
ment was typeset, but changed between
that time and when Part 21 was issued.
Part 22, pp. 449-690, 23 plates, 10 January
1830 ( Lond. Age); 19 January 1830 ( Lond. Morn.
Post); 23 Jan 1830 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.) [back cover
of wrapper to Part 22 says Parts 22 and 23 came
out together].
Remarks. Matthews (1920) listed the
Aves parts as: "About nine parts bound
in three volumes which are listed on Jan¬
uary 23rd, 1830. Pt. 14 [1st of birds) De¬
cember 1st, 1827; pt. 15, March 31st,
1828; pt. 16, August 6th, 1828, with 18
plates; pt. 19, May 21st, 1829; pt. 20 with
16 plates, August 15th, 1829; pt. 21, with
21 plates, October 31st, 1829. Further
dates and contents of parts still desired.”
Research in this study found dates of
publication for parts 17 and 18 that
Matthews [1920) and Cowan [1969) did
not find; as well as an earlier date for
Part 22. They are given above and in
Table 3.
Zimmer [1926:154-155) stated that
Matthews [1920) had received his dates
from Richmond and repeated them with
source information on the periodicals in
which the publication of the parts was
noticed. Despite the information deriv¬
ing from Richmond, a normally diligent
bibliographer, there appears to be one
error [probably a transcription error
when the information was transmitted):
Part 16, said to have 18 plates, fits better
with part 17 having 18 plates — see
Table 2 for comparison of contents and
dates based on Matthews’s analysis of
the Aves parts and those in this study
from wrappers with contents intact. Pit-
tie [2010: 195-196) repeated much of
what Zimmer [1926) had noted for col¬
lation and dating.
The numbers of plates for the Animal
Kingdom given by Nissen [1966) appear
to be based primarily on the printed
"List of Plates" in the preliminaries to
volumes; however, sometimes [e.g., for
Reptilia [Vol. 9], Mollusca and Radiata;
Annelida [vol. 12], and Crustacea, Arach-
nida [Vol. 13]) they are listed as per part
so, in those cases, were quite likely based
on examination of contents in a wrapper,
but unfortunately no sources of the
copies with those wrappers are given by
Nissen.
Reptilia (overall vol. 9; overall parts 25-27)
Nissen [1966) gave a tally of plates per part.
When other evidence was not found in this
study for plates per part, I follow Nissen's tally.
First title page: "The animal kingdom arranged
in conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with additional descrip¬
tions of all the species hitherto named, and of
many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith,
F.L.S., A.S., corresponding member of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel¬
phia, &c. and others. Volume the Ninth. Lon¬
don: Printed for Whittaker, Treacher, and
Co., Ave-Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXXI.”
Second title page: “The Class Reptilia arranged
by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions
by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S. &c. and Ed¬
ward Pidgeon, Esq. London: Printed for
Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXXI."
Title page date: Vol. 9:1831.
Authorship: Edward Griffith and Edward Pid¬
geon are authors of the translated mate¬
rial. John Edward Gray is sole author of
the “Synopsis", which comprises all of
Part 27 of the Animal Kingdom and the
last part of the Reptilia volume with sep¬
arate pagination [pp. 1-160). Aside from
the "Synopsis”, there is no indication as to
explicit authorship of new taxa, thus, I
follow Sherborn in his Index Animalium
in treating John Edward Gray as author
of the new taxa, except where Thomas
Bell is quoted for descriptive characters
for names from his collection.
Dating of the Parts
Part 25, pp. 1-192, 17 plates, 8 August 1830
(Lond. Age); 10 August 1830 (Bent’s Mon. Lit.
186
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Advert.); 13 August 1830 (Courier)] 14 August
1830 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.)] 16 August 1830 (Lond.
Morn. Post, 17 pis); 1 September 1830 ( New
Mon. Mag.)] September 1830 (Gent. Mag.] re¬
viewed); December 1830 (Mag. Nat. Hist.).
Part 26, pp. 193-481, [20 plates], [December
1830] (Cowan 1969a); February 1831 (Mon.
Rev.).
Remarks. The total of 20 plates of the
second (Part 26) part of the Reptilia is
interpolated here based on the remain¬
ing plates needed to make the total of 55
plates for the Reptilia volume given in
Nissen (1966) and verified in this study 9 .
Notice of publication of Part 26 was not
found in any of the journals examined so
I follow Cowan (1969a) in estimating a
December 1830 date. The Monthly Re¬
view reviewed the entire Reptilia volume
in its February 1831 issue, so it is as¬
sumed publication was a few months
earlier than Part 27 and a few months
after Part 25 but still within 1830. Oddly,
a check of all recording literature and
newspapers from October 1830 to
March 1831 had no notices or advertise¬
ments for Part 26.
Part 27 ("Synopsis of the species of the class
Reptilia”), pp. 1-110, 18 plates, 5 February
1831 (Athenaeum)] 6 February 1831 (Atlas,
Lond. Age)] 8 February 1831 (Lond. St. James
Chron.)] 12 February 1831 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.)] 17
February 1831 (Courier)] February 1831 (Mon.
Rev.] Gent. Mag.)] 10 March 1831 (Mon. Lit. Ad¬
vert.)] 12 March 1831 (Edinb. Lit.J.) [plate num¬
bers from Lond. Lit. Gaz. and Mon. Lit. Advert.
advertisements].
Remarks. The "synopsis" is bound with
the main text and without separate title
pages, but has separate pagination.
9 A publisher’s advertisement soon after completion of the
Animal Kingdom (Whittaker, 1837) lists 60 plates for
the Reptilia volume, which is a mystery. If correct, it
must include five plates (unknown as to what they de¬
pict) added subsequently to the “List of Plates” for this
volume, which tallies to 55. No known copies have
been seen having 60 plates.
Pisces (overall vol. 10; overall parts 41-43)
The Pisces parts were planned for volume 10 of
the entire Animal Kingdom, but the appearance
of the parts did not occur immediately after is¬
suance of the last Part of the previous volume
(Vol. 9 on Reptilia). The work on translating the
Pisces was delayed because of having to wait for
the publication of the new material in Cuvier’s
second edition of Le Regne Animal and this
delay caused previous bibliographers some con¬
fusion in trying to account for dating of each
part (e.g., Cowan 1969a attempted to date based
on quarterly issuance of parts but could not
place Part 43 after having given Part 42 a De¬
cember 1834 date, which was the estimated end
of the publication of the entire work. Cowan
(1969a) gave the printers for the 3 "parts" of the
Pisces volumes as Gilbert & Rivington (part 1),
Baylis (part 2) and no listing for part 3 (al¬
though the colophon in the last Part on copies
examined in this study has the printer again as
Gilbert & Rivington).
First title page: "The animal kingdom arranged
in conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with supplementary addi¬
tions to each order, by Edward Griffith, F.L.S.,
L.S.S., corresponding member of the Acad¬
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c.
and others. Volume the Tenth. London:
Printed for Whittaker and Co. Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXXIV.”
Second title page: “The Class Pisces arranged by
the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary addi¬
tions, by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., &c. and
Lieut.-Col. Charles Hamilton Smith, C.H.,
K.W., F.R., L.S.S., &c, &c. London: Printed for
Whittaker and Co. Ave-Maria-Lane. MDCC¬
CXXXIV."
Title page date: Vol. 10: 1834.
Authorship: Equivocal as to actual split of re¬
sponsibility. Cowan (1969a) gave author¬
ship of Part 41 to C.H. Smith. Griffith is no
doubt responsible for the translated por¬
tions as well as some of the supplementary
portions of all three parts. Smith drew many
of the plates and is sometimes given sole au¬
thorship of the new taxa based on those
plates. However, until dating of each plate
187
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
can be accurately ascertained, I follow Frick
et al. (2019) in giving authorship of all new
Pisces taxa proposed in the Animal Kingdom
to "Griffith & Smith", which follows the sec¬
ond title page.
Dating of the Parts
Part 41, pp. 1-192, ["nearly 40"] plates, 3 May
1834 ( Spectator ); 4 May 1834 ( Lond. Herald );
10 May 1834 ( Bent’s Mon. Lit. Advert.); 15 May
1834 (Courier); 17 May 1834 (Athenaeum; Lond.
Lit. Gaz., Lond. Morn. Post); 18 May 1834 (Lond.
Age); 1 July 1834 (Metropolitan).
Part 42, pp. 193-448, [exact plates unknown],
4 May 1834 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.), August 1834
(Bent's Mon. Lit. Advert.).
Part 43, pp. [viii] + 449-680, [exact plates un¬
known], 5 October 1834 (Lond. Age), 11 Octo¬
ber 1834 (Spectator), 20 November 1834 (Lond.
Morn. Post); 22 November 1834 (Athenaeum),
November 1834 (Quart. Lit. Advert.).
Remarks. Pagination of Part 41 was es¬
timated based on the review in The Spec¬
tator, which also states "nearly 40
plates". With the pagination given for
Part 43 in The Spectator, the pagination
of the second part could be filled in. The
number of plates listed for this volume
varies in bibliographic works (cf. Table
1); e.g.. Smith (1993) gave 64 and Nissen
(1966) gave 62 (+ 2 replacement plates)
(both of which no doubt included 62
plates issued with the Pisces parts plus
the two unnumbered plates of fish in
Part 1 of the Mammalia). However, the
accurate total is given on the wrappers
of the work as 67, which includes 3 re¬
placement plates. Actual issuance of
each plate including the replacement
plates remains unknown.
The Fossil Remains of the Animal Kingdom
(overall vol. 11; overall parts 23-24)
Cuvier did not cover fossils in his Le Regne Ani¬
mal and this volume (solely by Pidgeon) was
conceived initially as a supplementary volume
to the entire series. It fits in between volumes
10 on Pisces and 12 on Mollusca and Radiata;
although neither the Pisces nor Mollusca and
Radiata were completed until after the Fossils.
This volume is supplementary to the
main translation volumes and does not have a
printed volume number on the title page but
was treated as volume 11 of the entire series.
The signature mark beginning this volume is "*
B" as opposed to the normal "B" for the other
volumes, which is a further indication this was
not treated as a core part of the English transla¬
tion as were the other volumes. A so-called "sec¬
ond edition”, 544 pages, 50 plates (the same
collation as the original edition, with one extra
plate) was published in 1844 and noted in a 5
October 1844 advertisement in the Athenaeum.
Title page: "The fossil remains of the Animal
Kingdom, by Edward Pidgeon, Esq. London:
Whittaker, Treacher, & Co. Ave-Maria-Lane.
MDCCCXXX."
Title page date: Vol. 11: 1830.
Authorship: Edward Pidgeon.
Dating of the Parts
Part 23, pp. 1-192,19 plates, 10 January 1830
(Lond. Age); 23 January 1830 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.)
[back cover of wrapper to Part 22 says Parts 22
and 23 came out together].
Part 24, pp. 193-544, 30 plates, 6 April 1830
(Kent & Essex Merc.); 10 April 1830 (Bent's Mon.
Lit. Advert.); 13 April 1830 (Courier); 15 April
1830 (Lond. Times); 16 April 1830 (Lond. Morn.
Post); 17 April 1830 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 1 May
1830 (Edinb. Lit.]., New Mon. Mag.); 8 May 1830
(Dubl. Lit. Gaz.).
Mollusca and Radiata (overall vol. 12; overall
Parts 38-40)
Petit & Coan (2008) examined the contents,
plates, and pagination for this volume and their
results (except for earlier dates of publication
obtained in this study) are followed here.
First title page: "The animal kingdom arranged
in conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with supplementary addi¬
ns
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
tions to each order, by Edward Griffith, F.L.S.,
A.S., corresponding member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c. and
others. Volume the Twelfth. London: Printed
for Whittaker and Co., Ave-Maria-Lane. MD-
CCCXXXIV."
Second title page: "The Mollusca and Radiata.
Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific
descriptions by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S. &c.
and Edward Pidgeon, Esq. London: Printed
for Whittaker, and Co. Ave-Maria-Lane. MD-
CCCXXXIV."
Title page date: Vol. 12: 1834.
Authorship: Edward Griffith and Edward Pid¬
geon are authors of the translated portions.
John Edward Gray is author of the new taxa of
Mollusca and Radiata (Zoophytes). Petit & Coan
(2008) gave an excellent detailed account of the
authorship of new taxa of Mollusca and are fol¬
lowed here. Thus, although Sherborn in his
Index Animalium gave authorship of some new
taxa in this volume to Griffith or Griffith & Pid¬
geon, John Edward Gray is here treated as au¬
thor of all new taxa.
Dating of the Parts
Part 38, pp. 1-192, Mollusca pis. 1-39, Radiata
(Zoophyte) pis. 1-20, 6 October 1833 [bond.
Age).
Remarks. Petit & Coan (2008) listed the
Mollusca plates for Part 38 as 1-39. The
remaining plate would have to be one for
zoophytes and is listed as such here.
Petit & Coan (2008) also noted a replace¬
ment of three of the Mollusca plates (28,
36, and 37 that were issued in Part 38)
because the original images were re¬
versed. Those corrected plates (indi¬
cated with an asterisk (*) in the "List of
Plates" in the preliminaries to the bound
volume) would then have had to be is¬
sued in either of the two subsequent
parts. Since Nissen (1966) recorded the
plates per part for the Mollusca and Ra¬
diata volumes (most likely from seeing
parts in wrappers) and he gave no plates
for Part 39,1 have followed that here so
that these remaining Mollusca and Radi¬
ata plates were thus issued in the last
(40th) part to the volume 10 . There is a
discrepancy, however. Nissen recorded
60 plates total for the 12th volume. A
tally of the actual plates in the "List of
Plates" is 61 [plus the three cancels for
plates 28, 36, and 37], which was the
tally recorded by Smith (1993) and
Grasse (1861) who also added the three
cancels to the total making 64 (see Table
13 -
Part 39, pp. 193-384, [no plates issued, see Re¬
marks to Part 38], 26 December 1833 (Times).
Part 40, pp. i-viii, 385-601, Mollusca pis. 28*,
36*, 37*, 40-41, 1 March 1834 (Spectator)] 3
March 1834 (bond. Morn. Post); 4 March 1834
(Courier); 6 March 1834 (Times)] 8 March 1834
(bond. bit. Gaz., Athenaeum)] 16 March 1834
(Sun. Herald)] 30 March 1834 (bond. Age)]
March 1834 (Quart. Rev., Quart, bit. Advert.)]
April 1834 (New Mon. Mag.).
Annelids, Crustacea and Arachnids (overall
vol. 13; overall parts 35-37)
After his initial estimate (Cowan, 1969a) of
dates of publication and association of parts
with animal groups, Cowan (1969b) added in¬
formation on volume 13 based on wrappers and
contents of parts 35-37 held in the Hunterian
Museum, Glasgow.
10 Nissen (1966) listed 40 plates for Part 38 and 20 plates
for Part 40, but the publisher’s advertisement in the
Times London for Part 39 gives 20 plates. The discrep¬
ancy could be either that Nissen made a mistake, or
that the publisher’s advertisement was wrong. Given
the fact that other early advertisements by the pub¬
lisher of a given part had plates listed that were differ¬
ent than what reviewers of the contents recorded leads
me to believe that the advertisements may not have al¬
ways been correct (possibly the publisher had “in¬
tended” to issue a certain number of plates but the
actual number changed after the early advertisement. I
thus lean more toward reviewers and others recording
the actual contents of parts received as being more ac¬
curate. In this case, I follow Nissen in placing the 20
plates in Part 40. Given that there were three correc¬
tions to previous plates mentioned by Petit & Coan
(2008) in this part, the plates intended for Part 39 may
have been delayed to Part 40 in order to allow the cor¬
rections to be inserted.
189
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
First title page: “The animal kingdom arranged
in conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of
France, &c. &c. &c. with supplementary order
by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S., corresponding
member of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, &c. and others. Volume the
Thirteenth. London: Printed for Whittaker,
Treacher, and Co., Ave-Maria-Lane. MDCC-
CXXXI."
Second title page: "The Classes Annelida, Crus¬
tacea, and Arachnida, arranged by the Baron
Cuvier, with supplementary additions to each
order by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S. &c. and
Edward Pidgeon, Esq. London: Printed for
Whittaker, Treacher and Co., Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXXIII."
Title page date: Vol. 13: 1833.
Authorship: Edward Griffith & Edward Pid¬
geon. New taxa of arachnids are attrib¬
uted to G.R. Gray.
Remarks. Sherborn listed one new
genus and two new species (on pi. 20,
and p. 539) from this volume in his Index
Animalium, attributing them to G.R. Gray,
the author attribution on the plate. Al¬
though Sherborn does not list in his
Index Animalium any new taxa of Crus¬
tacea in this volume, one plate (pi. 17, fig.
2) has the caption Nika cannelata, the
name of which De Grave & Fransen
(2011) attributed to "Griffith & Pidgeon",
which is followed here.
Dating of the Parts
Part 35, pp. 1-192, 8 plates, 9 March 1833
( Bent’s Mon. Lit. Advert.); 11 May 1833
(Athenaeum ), June 1833 (Gent. Mag.).
Part 36, pp. 193-384, 25 plates, 4 May 1833
(Lond. Lit. Gaz.), October 1834 ( Edinb. Rev.,
Westm. Rev.).
Part 37, pp. 385-540, 27 plates, 22 June 1833
(Lond. Stand.); 30 July 1833 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.); 10
August 1833 (Bent’s Mon. Lit. Advert.); October
1833 (Edinb. Rev., Westm. Rev.).
Remarks. The plates per part were given
by Nissen (1966) and were corroborated
by the wrapper contents given by Cowan
(1969b); however, the exact association
of each of the plates with a particular
part remains unknown.
Insecta (overall vols. 14-15; overall parts
28-34)
Cowan (1969a) made the first concerted at¬
tempt to establish estimated dates for parts
based on the formula of quarterly publication of
each part. At the time, he only had a few re¬
sources to go on and his table of estimated pub¬
lication dates holds up well, except for a few
errors in association of parts with animal group
and the absence of some parts that have since
been found. He later (Cowan 1971b) gave evi¬
dence of publication and authorship of some of
the Insecta plates by Guerin, of which J.O. West-
wood had obtained proofs, which he used for
making copies that were used in the Animal
Kingdom. Westwood subsequently obtained a
complete set of 140 proof impressions of In¬
secta plates from the Animal Kingdom, which
are contained in a specially bound volume in the
OXUMNH (Figs. 5a,b). The handwritten title
page indicates that Westwood had illustrated
over half of them, and that 52 were from
Guerin’s Iconographie, and gave the other deri¬
vations of another six plates in the set.
A number articles have specifically dealt
with the dating and plates of the Insecta parts,
possibly prompted by Westwood (1835) having
given information on use of some of Guerin's
plates from his simultaneously published Icono¬
graphie du Regne Animal (Guerin-Meneville,
1831-1844), a fact that requires some research
to determine which work had priority of the use
of the same names on the same plates (but num¬
bered differently in different works by different
authors).
The total number of plates cited by most
bibliographers is 140. A plate 139 is not among
those in the "List of Plates", but there is an extra
plate labeled as "83*” in the "List of Plates”
which makes for a total of 140 plates. Nissen
(1966) gave the total as 141, but may have in¬
cluded the additional unnumbered plate of but¬
terflies contained among the plates issued in
Mammalia Part 1.
190
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
Trictenotoma. ChLUJbrni. GUGmy.
FiTctrnotoma ChiUtmii GlUmy.
1 J 1 0*3
f\ +
'I
J
/
J. 0. ChLUtren. Esq 1 .
Coll, J. 0. ChUdreru EsqT
Figure 14. Examples of Insecta plate 5 depicting original and corrected plates of Trictenotoma childreni Gray, a,
Plate 5, original plate, uncolored; b. Plate 5*, corrected plate, colored. Arrow points to tarsomeres that are corrected
in pi. 5*. See text for more details.
Example first title page (from bound volume
14) : "The animal kingdom arranged in con¬
formity with its organization, by the Baron
Cuvier, member of the Institute of France, &c.
&c. &c. with supplementary additions to
reach order by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S.,
corresponding member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c. and
others. Volume the Fourteenth. London:
Printed for Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Ave-
Maria-Lane. MDCCCXXXII.”
Example second title page (from bound volume
15) : "The Class Insecta arranged by the
Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions
to each order by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S.
&c. and Edward Pidgeon, Esq. and notices of
new genera and species by George Gray, Esq.
Volume the Second. London: Printed for
Whittaker, Treacher and Co., Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXXI."
Title page dates: Vol. 14: 1831; Vol. 15: 1832.
Authorship: Authorship of new taxa proposed
in these volumes has been confused over the
years, some being attributed to Griffith, Griffith
& Pidgeon, George Robert Gray, or even John Ed¬
ward Gray. Cowan (1969a) clarified the author¬
ship of new taxa proposed where textual
descriptions of depicted new species in both
volumes should be attributed to George Robert
Gray, as indicated in a note on p. 780 of Vol. 15.
191
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Dating of the Parts
Part 28, pp. 1-192, 19 pis., 23 April 1831
(Lond. Lit. Gaz number of plates from notice);
24 April 1831 (Lond. Weekly Times ; 19 pis.); 1
May 1831 (Lond. Age]) 9 May 1831 (Courier).
Part 29, pp. 193-384, pis. 5, 19, 21-41 [plates
from Cowan (1971b)], 2 July 1831 ( Athenaeum;
Courier, 23 pis.); 3 July 1831 (Lond. Age, 23 pis.);
16 July 1831 (Courier)] 1 August 1831 (Quart.
Lit. Advert.)] August 1831 (Engl. Mag. Advert., 23
pis).
Part 30, pp. 385-570, [38 pis.], 8 October 1831
(Athenaeum), 15 October 1831 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.).
Remarks. My personal copy of the In-
secta plates possesses a cancel that has
not been recorded previously. In my
copy (which was bound in the 1870s and
may have been purchased at the same
time or possibly a short time before), a
plate 5* is used in place of plate 5 (the
latter of which was issued in Part 28). A
comparison of plate 5 and plate 5*
shows that, in plate 5, one leg of the bee¬
tle was drawn with only five tarsomeres.
It was corrected in plate 5* to four tar¬
someres (cf. Figs. 14a, b). There is no ev¬
idence as to when plate 5* was sent to
subscribers or buyers, but the publica¬
tion year at the bottom of the plate is the
same for both (1831) and could have ei¬
ther been added to the plates in a subse¬
quently issued part (less likely) or added
later after the Animal Kingdom was com¬
plete (since the plate is not among those
listed in the "List of Plates" for the In-
secta volumes although another extra
plate (83*) was listed. Plate 83* is of a
different species than that on plate 83,
and is not a correction, as is plate 5*.
Cowan (1971a) mentioned briefly
that he had seen Part 29 in the Oxford
Museum and (Cowan 1971b) listed the
plates that were found in that Part.
These plates have been found but no
wrapper to Part 29 was found during
this study, and, if seen by Cowan, may
have been discarded after Cowan’s 1971
research.
The number of plates for Part 30 is
here interpolated as 38 based on the
number of plates dated as "1831” (81)
and subtracting those that are known to
have been issued for
Parts 28 and 29. The placement of plates
in bound volumes has no bearing on date
of issue as the "List of Plates” (essentially
an instruction to the binder) lists plates
dated as 1832 to be bound in volume 14,
the last part of which came out in 1831.
Part 31, pp. 1-192, [plates unknown], 1 Febru¬
ary 1832 (Metropolitan).
Part 32, pp. 193-384 [plates unknown], [be¬
tween 1 Feb 1832 and 22 June 1832]; July
1832 (Mon. Rev.)] 9 August 1832 (Lond. Morn.
Post).
Remarks. The earliest date found for this part
is the July 1832 review of Parts 28-32 in the
Monthly Review. However, the next Part (33) has
been recorded as early as 22 June 1832. Since
parts came out chronologically, I have interpo¬
lated the publication date for Part 32 as issued
sometime between 1 February 1832 and 22
June 1832.
Part 33, pp. 385-576 [plates unknown], 22
June 1832 (Lond. Guard.), 2 August 1832
(Courier, Morn. Chron.), 5 August 1832 (Lond.
Age)] 8 August 1832 (Lond. Lit. Gaz.,
Athenaeum)] 10 August 1832 (Bent’s Mon. Lit.
Advert.)] 20 August 1832 (Lond. Morn. Post.)] 29
August 1832 (Times).
Part 34, pp. 577-796, 681*-684*, 20 pis., 17
November 1832 (Lond. Lit. Gaz., Athenaeum)]
23 November 1832 (Lond. Morn. Post)] Decem¬
ber 1832 (Metropolitan - , review).
Remarks. As opposed to most parts of
the Animal Kingdom that were made up
of three parts per volume, volume 15
comprised 4 parts. This assumption of
three parts per volume led Cowan
(1969a) to a miscalculation on parts and
pages for the Insecta volumes. Volume
15 contains an inserted signature of four
pages printed as 681*-684* (dealing
with the "Eleventh Order of Insects”, the
192
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
"Rhiphiptera” and placed between pages
680 and 681 in bound copies I have
seen) that had to have been issued at the
time the title pages for volumes 14 and
15 were issued (= Part 34), which means
the pages were an additional four pages
to the pages issued in Part 34. Associa¬
tion of plates with parts 31-33 is un¬
known, but the review in the
Metropolitan (Anonymous 1832) gave
20 plates as issued for Part 34.1 interpo¬
late 39 plates for the first three parts of
the second volume (see Table 3), which
was calculated by subtracting 101 (= the
known 81 plates for volume 1 plus the
20 for Part 34) from the total 140 for
both volumes.
Index and Synopsis (overall vol. 16; overall
Part 44)
This volume is divided into three sections. The
first has 119 Roman numeraled pages and is an
overall synopsis of all the animals treated in the
other 15 volumes; the second section, with 282
Arabic numeraled pages, is the index to all the
scientific names of animals in the other 15 vol¬
umes; the last section (pp. 283-328) is an an¬
notated list of the authors quoted in the entire
work.
Title page: "A classified index and synopsis of the
animal kingdom arranged in conformity with
its organization, by the Baron Cuvier, member
of the Institute of France, &c. &c. &c. with sup¬
plementary additions to each order, by Ed¬
ward Griffith, F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., corresponding
member of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, &c. and others. London:
Printed for Whittaker and Co., Ave-Maria-
Lane. MDCCCXXXV."
Title page date: Vol. 15: 1835.
Authorship: Edward Griffith.
Dating of the parts
Part 44, pp. i-cxix, 1-328, [no plates], 1 Febru¬
ary 1835 ( Metropolitan ); 1 March 1835 ( Lond.
Age)\ 10 March 1835 [Lond. Morn. Post)-, March
1835 [Bent’s Mon. Lit. Advert.).
Remarks. This volume strays from the
typical printing format in a number of
ways. There is only one title page since
this volume deals with all the groups
dealt with in the previous 15 volumes.
The first section (pp. i-cxix) is entitled
"Conspectus of the entire animal king¬
dom" and lacks a direction line at the
bottom, and has signature marks begin¬
ning with "a 2". The second section, enti¬
tled "Index to the animal kingdom" (pp.
1-328); in place of the volume number
on the direction line at the bottom of the
first page of each signature, there is the
abbreviation "Cuv. Index" (for pages 1-
282) and "Cuv. Table of Authors” (for
pages 283-328). The signature marks
begin with "B”. There are no new names
in Vol. 16, all names listed therein refer¬
ring to those in the preceding 15 vol¬
umes.
Acknowledgments
Henry S. Barlow (Genting, Malaysia) kindly sup¬
plied travel funds to allow the author to exam¬
ine the Cowan bibliographic research archives.
Zoe Simmons (Oxford University Museum of
Natural History) is kindly thanked for examin¬
ing the sets of the Animal Kingdom held in the
Museum library and finding a complete set 140
proof impression plates of Insecta from the An¬
imal Kingdom in demy quarto having originally
belonged to J.O. Westwood. Martyn Low (Singa¬
pore) is thanked for providing some early pub¬
lished notices for parts of the work. Valerie
McAtear (Entomological Society) is thanked for
her attempts at locating the 52 plates donated
by Westwood to the Royal Entomological Soci¬
ety of London library in 1835. Gene Coan and
Murray Bruce are kindly thanked for their re¬
view of the manuscript, and Robert Cowie is
thanked for editing; all three made a number of
important corrections and suggestions that sig¬
nificantly improved the manuscript.
References
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line of the history and iconography of de¬
scriptive ornithology based principally on
the collection of books containing plates
with figures of birds and their eggs now in
the University Library at Copenhagen and
193
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
including a catalogue of these works.
Levin & Munksgaard, E. Munksgaard,
Copenhagen, xviii + 250 pp.
Anonymous (1824a) [Review] The Animal king¬
dom, arranged in conformity with its Organ¬
ization. By the Baron Cuvier, &c., &c., &c. With
additional Descriptions of all the Species hith¬
erto named, and many not before noticed, and
other original Matter; by Edward Griffith,
F.L.S. and others. 18 plates, 8vo. pp. 203.
Monthly Critical Gazette 1: 53-54.
Anonymous (1824b). [Review] The Animal king¬
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2: 38 plates. The Universal Review l(July),
591-597.
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matter. By Edward Griffith, F.L.S. and others.
Vol. I—III. 4to and 8vo. with numerous plates.
The Zoological Journal 2: 406-408.
Anonymous (1826) Review of New Books. The
Animal Kingdom described and arranged, in
conformity with its Organisation, by the
Baron Cuvier, &c. With additional Descrip¬
tions and other Original Matter. By Edw.
Griffiths, F.L.S., and Others. Part IX. London,
1826. Whittaker. The London Literary
Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sci¬
ences, &c. 1826(500): 513-515.
Anonymous (1828) Review. The Animal King¬
dom, described and arranged in conformity
with its Organisation, by the Baron Cuvier,
Member of the Institute of France, &c., &c., &c.
With additional descriptions of all the Species
hitherto named, of many not before noticed,
and other original Matters. By Edward Grif¬
fith, F.R.S. and Others. 8vo. pp. 166. Gentle¬
man’s Magazine, 1828(7): 41-43.
Anonymous (1829) [Review]. Griffith, Edward,
F.L.S., and others: The Animal Kingdom de¬
scribed and arranged, in conformity with its
organisation, by the Baron Cuvier. With addi¬
tional Descriptions of all the Species hitherto
named; of many not before noticed; and other
original matter. London. 8vo, many plates.
Parts I. to XV. Magazine of Natural History 1:
275-277.
Anonymous (1830) [Review]. The Animal King¬
dom, arranged in conformity with its organi¬
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descriptions of all the Species hitherto
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The Athenaeum 1830: 535-536.
Anonymous (1831) The Animal Kingdom, de¬
scribed and arranged in conformity with its
Organization. By the Baron Cuvier. Trans¬
lated, with large additional Descriptions of all
the Species hitherto named, and of many not
before noticed, and with other additional
matter. By Edward Griffith, F.L.S., A.S., and
others. Parts XXV., XVI., and XXVII., compris¬
ing the class Reptilia. 8vo. London: Whit¬
taker, Treacher, and Co. 1831. The Monthly
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Anonymous (1832) The Animal Kingdom de¬
scribed and arranged, in conformity with its
Organization. By the Baron Cuvier. Trans¬
lated with additional Descriptions of all the
Species hitherto named; of many not before
noticed; and other Original matter. By Ed¬
ward Griffith, F.L.S., and others. Parts XXVIII.
to XXXII. London: Whittaker and Co. 1832.
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descriptions detaillees de toutes les especes
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Reptiles; avec 18 grav. In-8°; prix, 12 sh;
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tion]. 58. The Animal Kingdom, etc. Le Regne
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precieux ou nouveau dictionnaire bibliogra-
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vres rares, churireux et recherches,
d’ouvrages de luxe, etc. avec les signes connus
pour distinguer les editions originales des
contrefagons qui en ont ete faites, des notes
sur la rarete et le merite des livres cites et les
prix que ces livres ontatteints dans les ventes
les plus fameuses, et qu’ils conservent encore
dans les magasins des bouquinistes les plus
renommes de TEurope. Tome deuxieme. C-F.
R. Kuntze, Dresde [= Dresden]. 648 pp.
Griffith, E. (1821a) General and particular de¬
scriptions of the vertebrated animals,
arranged conformably to the modern discov¬
eries and improvements in zoology. [Vol. I].
Order Carnivora. Baldwin, Craddock & Joy,
London, v + 295
Griffith, E. (1821b) General and particular de¬
scriptions of the vertebrated animals,
arranged conformably to the modern discov¬
eries and improvements in zoology. Order
Quadrumana. Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, Lon¬
don. vii +143 pp.
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pt. 5. H.F.G. Witherby, London. Pp. 385-499
+ i-xii, pis. 363-470.
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in the preparation of this work, with a few bi¬
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197
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Appendix
Glossary of Terms Used
Blank - An unprinted leaf that forms part of the
bound book.
Cancel - If a mistake has been found after print¬
ing that might be corrected by the deletion
of a single leaf, another leaf with the correc¬
tion is sometimes printed and can be used
to replace the incorrect one. The deleted leaf
is termed cancelled and the substitute leaf
is a cancel. This happens most often in
plates, in the Animal Kingdom, at least three
instances of incorrect plates have been
known to involve cancels (see under Mol-
lusca below for more details).
Cancelled - A leaf that has been deleted and re¬
placed by a cancel (see cancel above more in¬
formation).
Collation - The descriptive assemblage of a
book; in descriptive bibliography, often
using a shorthand notation of the sequence
of signature marks, blanks, cancels, etc.; in
most other bibliographies, giving only a
summary of page numbers and plates in a
sequential order. Also the process of gather¬
ing the signatures (and sometimes plates)
into a proper order before binding.
Colophon - The statement, usually at the end of
the work, giving the name and address of the
printer. The term derives from the Greek
"KoAocpoov”, meaning "finishing touch".
Demy Octavo - A final size of a page after folding
that roughly equals 5.5 in. x 8.5 in.
Demy Quarto - A final size of a page after folding
that roughly equals 8.625 in. x 11.750 in.
Direction line - The line at the bottom of the
page of text that presents the signature mark
at the bottom right and sometimes addi¬
tional information at the bottom left (e.g., in
the Animal Kingdom, the Mammalia volumes
have "Vol. I", "Vol. II", "Vol. Ill", etc.) to aid in
binding. This was no doubt necessary in the
Mammalia as plates issued in some of the
parts issued in 1827 were instructed to be
bound to face pages in volume one, for
which its three parts of text were complete
in the summer of 1824. Thus, buyers had to
wait three years before they could receive
the "List of Plates” with instruction on
where to bind throughout the five volumes;
the plates were originally issued in twelve
parts from February 1824 to May 1827 (the
thirteenth part did not have plates in it to be
bound but the part may have contained the
last set of plates needed to be bound in other
volumes).
Engraver - The person responsible for readying
the artwork for printing through transfer¬
ring the artwork to stone or metal for final
inked printing. The process used for the An¬
imal Kingdom artwork was intaglio engrav¬
ing on copper plates.
Gathering - 1) The process of assembling signa¬
tures into a stack for binding; 2) The gath¬
ered signatures before binding (the final
stack sometimes also referred to as "fold and
gathereds" or "F and Gs". Dickinson et al.
(2011) used gathering as their preferred
term for signature but the two are distinctly
different.
India paper - A thick, opaque, absorbent paper,
originally from China, made from hemp and
rag fibers, which was used for printing
proofs from engravings. Possibly because of
the absorbency, hand-coloring was not done
on the printed illustrations on this type of
paper for the plates of the Animal Kingdom
(Freeman, 1980).
Insertions - Material inserted into a gathering
before binding; plates and other non-letter¬
press material are termed "insertions".
Leaf - both the recto and verso of a bound or
folded and cut sheet of a book. Equals two
pages.
Letterpress - The printed textual portion of a
book that is eventually folded and gathered
to be bound; as opposed to plates, which are
called insertions. Title pages may or may not
be a part of the letter press, depending if
they were or were not issued for more than
one issue or part of a multi-part work that
were published at different times.
Intaglio - An engraving process for artwork that
employs cutting depressions into a hard sur¬
face, where the ink is held in the depres¬
sions. The plates in the Animal Kingdom
were made using this process on copper
plates.
Octavo - A type of folding resulting in a signa¬
ls
Sherbornia ( 2019 )
ture of 16 pages [Evenhuis (1997) incor¬
rectly had this as 32 pages].
Page - Either the verso or recto of a leaf (printed
or blank).
Plate - Artwork printed separately from the let¬
terpress, sometimes on different paper. In
the case of the Animal Kingdom, three types
of plates were offered to buyers: uncolored
or colored on plain paper in octavo; or proof
plates on India paper in quarto. According
to Freeman (1980) the plates for the Animal
Kingdom on India paper were uncolored.
Plates conventionally do not have signatures
to guide the binder to proper collation for
binding. Printers insert and bind plates into
a book either by plate number and at the
end of the letterpress, or inserted into spe¬
cific places in the text following instructions
to the binder.
Preliminaries - The front matter of a book pre¬
ceding the main text containing the title
pages, preface, forward, and other sections,
usually distinguished from the main text by
roman numeraled pagination and differently
styled signature marks (usually using a
lower case alphabet).
Proof plates - Printed plates taken out before the
binding process.
Proofs - The first printing used for checking be¬
fore final printing.
Quarto - A type of folding resulting in a signa¬
ture of 8 pages [Evenhuis (1997) incorrectly
had this as 16 pages].
Recto - When bound, the right-hand side page of
a book (almost always an odd numbered
page).
Royal Octavo - A page size after folding that
equals roughly 10.00 in. x 6.25 in.
Sheet - the single piece of paper used for print¬
ing. The size associated with the type of sig¬
nature (e.g., octavo, quarto, etc.).
Signature - The folded set of pages printed onto
the sheet. In the case of the Animal Kingdom,
the text and plates were both printed in oc¬
tavo (16 pages per signature); whereas the
proof plates on India paper were in quarto
(8 pages per signature) (see also Gatherings
above).
Signature mark - A mark (usually) at the bottom
right of a page on the direction line used to
assist the binder and gatherer in assembling
the book signatures in the correct order. In
the Animal Kingdom, lettered signatures
were used with the main text starting with
an uppercase "B” and continued through the
alphabet omitting "]", "V”, and "W". After hav¬
ing run through the alphabet, the next series
of signature marks would be indicated as "2
A", 2 B”, etc. The preliminaries started with a
lower case "b”.
Verso - When bound, the left-hand side of a page
of a book (almost always an even numbered
page).
199
Sherbornia 5 ( 2019 )
Table 3. Dating of the parts of Griffith's Animal Kingdom.
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